填空
1. Despite the apparently bewildering complexity of this procedure, the underlying ______is quite______
(A) simplicity...calculated
(B) principle...elementary
(C) confusion...imaginary
(D) purpose...effective
(E) theory...modern
翻译：尽管这个过程表面上体现出了让人迷惑的复杂性，但是它暗含的原理是很基本的。
A简单……适当的，适合的
B原理……基本的，初等的
C混乱，混淆……想象的
D目的……有效的
E理论……现代的
2. In spite of the ______nature of Scotland’s terrain, its main roads are surprisingly free from severe______
(A) rocky...weather
(B) mountainous...grades
(C) uncharted...flooding
(D) unpredictable...damage
(E) landlocked...slipperiness
翻译：尽管苏格兰的地形是多山的，但是令人吃惊的是它的主要公路都没有很大的坡度。
A多岩石的，困难的……天气
B多山的……斜坡，坡度
C未知的……泛滥
D不可预测的……损坏
E为陆地所包围的……光滑
3. While the delegate clearly sought to ______the optimism that has emerged recently, she stopped short of suggesting that the conference was near collapse and might produce nothing of significance.
(A) substantiate
(B) dampen
(C) encourage
(D) elucidate
(E) rekindle
翻译：尽管这个代表明确表明试图抑制近来出现的乐观主义情绪，但是她并没有(差一点就)暗示这个会议会几乎崩溃或产生毫无意义的结果。
A证实，落实
B把……弄湿，抑制
C鼓励
D阐述，说明
E重新点燃。
4. The reduction of noise has been ______in terms of ______its sources, but the alternative of canceling noise out by adding sound with the opposite wave pattern may be more useful in practice.
(A) justified...diffusing
(B) accomplished...tracking
(C) conceived...concealing
(D) explained...isolating
(E) approached...eliminating
翻译：降低噪音的工作已经通过消除噪声源的方法开始进行，但是另外一种通过增加波形相反的声音来消除噪音的方法在实际中可能更有用。
A证明，合理的……散布
B完成，已经完成的……跟踪
C构思，想象的……隐藏
D解释……隔离
E开始处理……消除
5. While not completely nonplussed by the unusually caustic responses from members of the audience, the speaker was nonetheless visibly ______by their lively criticism.
(A) humiliated
(B) discomfited
(C) deluded
(D) disgraced
(E) tantalized
翻译：尽管没有被听众中一些人极其刻薄的反应彻底整懵，但很显然，这个演讲者还是被他们生猛的批评搞的很狼狈。
A羞辱
B为难，狼狈
C欺骗，哄骗
D耻辱，出丑
E愚弄，挑逗
6. During the 1960’s assessments of the family shifted remarkably, from general endorsement of it as a worthwhile, stable institution to wide spread ______it as an oppressive and bankrupt one whose ______was both imminent and welcome.
(A) flight from...restitution
(B) fascination with...corruption
(C) rejection of...vogue
(D) censure of...dissolution
(E) relinquishment of...ascent
翻译：在20世纪60年代，对于家庭的评价发生了明显的变化：人们一开始把它当做一项有价值的、稳定的机构到广为流传的责难它是一项压抑的而没有价值的机构，并认为家庭的解体是迫在眉睫并且会受到欢迎的。
A飞行……归还，复职
B迷恋，入迷……腐败，堕落
C反对……时尚
D谴责……解散，分解
E放弃，让渡……上升
7. Nineteenth-century scholars, by examining earlier geometric Greek art, found that classical Greek art was not a magical ______or a brilliant______ blending Egyptian and Assyrian art, but was independently evolved by Greeks in Greece.
(A) stratagem...appropriation
(B) exemplar...synthesis
(C) conversion...annexation
(D) paradigm...construct
(E) apparition...amalgam
翻译：通过检查早期几何学时代的希腊艺术，十九世纪的学者发现经典的希腊艺术既不是神奇的幻影，也不是超群的，混合了埃及和亚述人艺术的混合体，而是由希腊人在希腊独立发展而来的。
A战略，计谋……拨款，挪用公款
B模范，标本……综合，合成
C变化，转化……合并，附加
D范例……构造
E幻影，幽灵，奇特现象……混合物(相当于mixture)
阅读
37. Editorialist: Drivers with a large number of demerit points who additionally have been convicted of a serious driving-relative offense should either be sentenced to jail or be forced to receive driver reeducation, since to do otherwise would be to allow a crime to go unpunished. Only if such drivers are likely to be made more responsible drivers should driver re-education be recommended for them. Unfortunately, it is always almost impossible to make drivers with a large number of demerit points more responsible drivers.
If the editorialist’s statements are true, they provide the most support for which one of the following?
A. Drivers with a large number of demerit points who have been convicted of a serious driving-related offense should be sent to jail.
B. Driver re-education offers the best chance of making drivers with a large number of demerit points responsible drivers.
C. Driver re-education is not a harsh enough punishment for anyone convicted of a serious driving-related offense who has also
D. Driver re-education should not be recommended for those who have committed no serious
E. Drivers with a larger number of demerit points but no conviction for a serious driving-related offense should receive driver re-education rather than jail
答案：A
思路：主编认为那些被罚了很多分并承认曾有过严重的驾驶违规的司机应该被判入狱或强制接受司机再教育，否则就是对该罪责的姑息。司机再教育只适合推荐给那些可能因此变得更有责任心的司机。不幸的是，那些被罚了很多分的司机总是不可能变得更有责任。因此，结论是-罚分高并有过严重驾驶违规的司机应该被送进监狱。
A: 答案符合原文推断。
B: 与原文的论述相反。
C: 原文中没有相关的论述。
D: 主编的论点中没有提到对没有严重驾驶违规的司机的处理意见。
E: 主编的论点中没有提到对没有严重驾驶违规的司机的处理意见。
38. Amphibian populations are declining in numbers worldwide. Not coincidentally, the earth’s ozone layer has been continuously depleted throughout the last 50 years. Atmospheric ozone blocks UV-B, a type of ultraviolet radiation that is continuously produced by the sun, and which can damage genes. Because amphibians lack hair, hide, or feathers to shield them, they are particularly vulnerable to UV-B radiation. In addition, their gelatinous eggs lack the protection of leathery or hard shells. Thus, the primary cause of the declining amphibian population is the depletion of the ozone layer.
Each of the following, if true, would strengthen the argument EXCEPT:
A. Of the various types of radiation blocked by atmospheric ozone, UV-B is the only type that can damage genes.
B. Amphibian populations are declining far more rapidly than are the populations of non-amphibian species whose tissues and eggs have more natural protection from UV-B.
C. Atmospheric ozone has been significantly depleted above all the areas of the world in which amphibian populations are declining.
D. The natural habitat of amphibians has not become smaller over the past century.
E. Amphibian populations have declined continuously for the last 50 years.
答案：D
思路：原文论述臭氧层的破坏造成UV-B辐射过量是导致两栖动物数量减少的主要原因。
A：支持说明为什么是UV-B而不是其他原因。
B：支持说明为什么UV-B会降低两栖动物的数量。
C：提供空间论据说明臭氧层受损和两栖动物数量减少的相关性。
D：中性评价。不Weaken也不Strengthen.
E：提供时间论据说明臭氧层受损和两栖动物数量减少的相关性。
技巧：做EXCEPT题如果答案中出现原文没有的专有名词(地名和人名等)一般就选它。
39. Quasars---celestial objects so far away that their light takes at least 500 million years to reach Earth---have been seen since 1963. For anything that far away to appear from Earth the way quasars do, it would have to burn steadily at a rate that produces more light than 90 billion suns would produce. But nothing that burns at a rate that produces that much light could exist for more than about 100 million years.
If the statements above are true, which one of the following must also be true on the basis of them?
A. Instruments in use before 1963 were not sensitive enough to permit quasars to be seen.
B. Light from quasars first began reaching Earth in 1963.
C. Anything that from Earth appears as bright as a quasar does must produce more light than would be produced by 90 billion suns.
D. Nothing that is as far from Earth as quasars are can continue to exist for more than about 100 million years.
E. No quasar that has ever been seen from Earth exists any longer.
答案：E
思路：
A：可能足够sensative，只是没有观察到而已。
B：同样只是没有观察到而已。
C：没有定义与地球的距离。
D：没有定义亮度
E：原文实际认为现在看到的来自Quasars的光是500万年前发出的。而在400万年前这些类星体就已经燃尽不存在了。
40. More and more computer programs that provide solutions to mathematical problems in engineering are being produced, and it is thus increasingly unnecessary for practicing engineers to have thorough understanding of fundamental mathematical principles. Consequently, in training engineers who will work in industry, less emphasis should be placed on mathematical principles, so that space in the engineering curriculum will be available for other important subjects.
Which one of the following, if true, most seriously weakens the argument given for the recommendation above?
A. The effective use of computer program that provide solutions to mathematical problems in engineering requires an understanding of mathematical principles.
B. Many of the computer programs that provide solutions to mathematical problems in engineering are already in routine use.
C. Development of composites and other such new materials has meant that the curriculum for engineers who will work in industry must allow time for teaching the properties of these materials.
D. Most of the computer programs that provide solutions to mathematical problems in engineering can be run on the types of computers available to most engineering firms.
E. The engineering curriculum already requires that engineering students be familiar with and able to use a variety of computer programs.
Argument: 因为有了解决数学问题的电脑程序，所以工程师不用学数学了
A) Weaken, 因为数学是使用这些电脑程序的必要条件，B) C) D) E) irrelevant
41. Raymond Burr played the role of lawyer Perry Mason on television. Burr’s death in 1993 prompted a prominent lawyer to say “Although not a lawyer, Mr. Burr strove for such authenticity that we feel as if we lost one of our own.” This comment from a prestigious attorney provides appalling evidence that, in the face of television, even some legal professionals are losing their ability to distinguish fiction from reality.
The reasoning in the argument is flawed because the argument
A. takes the views of one lawyer to represent the views of all lawyers
B. criticizes the lawyer rather than the lawyer’s statement
C. presumes that the lawyer is qualified to evaluate the performance of an actor
D. focuses on a famous actor’s portrayal of a lawyer rather than on the usual way in which lawyers are portrayed on television
E. ignores the part of the lawyer’s remark that indicates an awareness of the difference between reality and fiction
用排除法解决。因为A，B，C，D指出的错误原argument并没有犯。
42. For next year, the Chef’s Union has requested a 10 percent salary increase for each of its members, whereas the Hotel Managers’ Union has requested only an 8 percent salary increase for each of its members. These facts demonstrate that the average dollar amount of the raises that the Chefs’ Union has requested for next year is greater than that of the raises requested by the Hotel Managers’ Union.
Which one of the following, if true, most strengthens the argument?
A. The Chefs’ Union has many more members than does the Hotel Managers’ Union.
B. The Chefs’ Union is a more powerful union than is the Hotel Managers’ Union and is therefore more likely to obtain the salary increases it requests
C. The current salaries of the members of the Chefs’ Union are, on average, higher than the current salaries of the members of the Hotel Managers’ Union
D. The average dollar amount of the raises that the members of the Chefs’ Union received last ear was equal to the average dollar amount of the raises that the members of the Hotel Managers’ Union received
E. The members of the Chefs’ Union received salary increases of 10 percent in each of the last two years, while the members of the Hotel Managers’ Union received salary increases of only 8 percent in each of the last two years
Percentage、基数和绝对值的关系
A. 无关
B. This is out of scope . The topic in the passage has nothing to do with the power of the 2 associations. The topic is only concerned with data analysis.
C. 基数大 (Percentage 大，基数又大，绝对值肯定大了)
D. 无关
E. 无关
43. Zoos have served both as educational resources and as entertainment. Unfortunately, removing animals from their natural habitats to stock the earliest zoos reduced certain species’ populations, endangering their survival. Today most new zoo animals are obtained from captive breeding programs, and many zoos now maintain breeding stocks for continued propagation of various species. This makes possible efforts to reestablish endangered species in the wild.
Which one of the following statements is most strongly supported by the information above?
A. Zoos have played an essential role in educating the public about endangered species.
B. Some specimens of endangered species are born and bred in zoos.
C. No zoos exploit wild animals or endanger the survival of species.
D. Nearly all of the animals in zoos today were born in captivity.
E. The main purpose of zoos has shifted from entertainment to education.
参考答案：B
思路：
前提：指出动物园作为教育和娱乐两种目的，但是把动物从大自然装到笼子里减少了一些物种的数量，危及了他们的生存。
假设：现在大多数动物园的动物是通过俘获和饲养得到的，动物园通过此使稀有物种繁殖，从而使自然界的稀有物种能够有效的维持。
A. 文章没有提到，而且与所问的问题没太多相关性。
B. 正确。可以从文章中得到支持。
C. The sentence can not be reached by the passage, actually it is the opposite. From the passage we know that in the past certain species are reduced.
D. 说的是所有的动物，与文章新产生的动物most new zoo animals are obtained from captive breeding programs，范围不一致
E. 文章没有提到这一点。
44. Legal theorist: It is unreasonable to incarcerate anyone for any other reason than that he or she is a serious threat to the property or lives of other people. The breaking of a law does not justify incarceration, for lawbreaking proceeds either from ignorance of the law or of the effects of one’s actions, or from the free choice of the lawbreaker. Obviously mere ignorance cannot justify incarcerating a lawbreaker, and even free choice on the part of the lawbreaker fails to justify incarceration, for free choice proceeds from the desires of an agent, and the desires of an agent are products of genetics and environmental conditioning, neither of which is controlled by the agent
The claim in the first sentence of the passage plays which one of the following roles in the argument
A. It is offered as a premise that helps to show that no actions are under the control of the agent
B. It is offered as background information necessary to understand the argument
C. It is offered as the main conclusion that the argument is designed to establish
D. It is offered as evidence for the stated claim that protection of life and property is more important than retribution for past illegal acts
E. It is offered as evidence for the stated claim that lawbreaking proceeds from either ignorance of the law, or ignorance of the effects of one’s actions, or free choice
参考答案：C
思路：第一句指出出了严重危害他人生命和财产之外，其它违反法律的事件而监禁是不合理的结论，而后面的句子结构给出了相应的解释和说明。
A：第一句诗结论不是假设前提。
B：背景信息也不正确，应该是结论。
C：正确，is is offered as the main conclusion.
D：the evidences offered for the argument are stated behind.
E：错误，见D。
45. Commissioner: Budget forecasters project a revenue shortfall of a billion dollars in the coming fiscal year. Since there is no feasible way to increase the available funds, our only choice is to decrease expenditures. The plan before you outlines feasible cuts that would yield savings of a billion dollars over the coming fiscal year. We will be able to solve the problem we face, therefore, only if we adopt this plan.
This reasoning in the commissioner’s argument is flawed because this argument
A. relies on information that is far from certain
B. confuses being an adequate solution with being a required solution
C. inappropriately relies on the opinions of experts
D. inappropriately employs language that is vague
E. takes for granted that there is no way to increase available funds
参考答案：B
思路：年度财务预算下一财年收入不足量one billion dollars，由于没有feasible way增加可得资金，只有削减开支。因而只是做了一个如何之间节省10亿美金的计划，it is just a required solution but not adequate maybe.
A：信息不准，错误。
B：正确，见思路分析。
C：不正确的依赖专家观点，无法得出。
D：思路模糊，文章思路是比较的清晰的。
E：前提已经指出没有feasible way，所以E错误。
46. Twelve healthy volunteers with the Apo-A-IV-1 gene and twelve healthy volunteers who instead have the Apo-A-IV-2 gene each consumed a standard diet supplemented daily by a high-cholesterol food. A high level of cholesterol in the blood is associated with an increased risk of heart disease. After three weeks, the blood cholesterol levels of the subjects in the second group were unchanged, whereas the blood cholesterol levels of those with the Apo-A-IV-1 gene rose 20 percent.
Which one of the following is most strongly supported by the information above?
A. Approximately half the population carries a gene that lowers cholesterol levels.
B. Most of those at risk of heart disease may be able to reduce their risk by adopting a low-cholesterol diet.
C. The bodies of those who have the Apo-A-IV-2 gene excrete cholesterol when blood cholesterol reaches a certain level.
D. The presence of the Apo-A-IV-1 gene seems to indicate that a person has a lower risk of heart disease.
E. The presence of the Apo-A-IV-2 gene may inhibit the elevation of blood cholesterol.
参考思路：试验题类型。用同一种方法对两种事物进行研究，通常考察两种事物对这种方法是否有应激性，是同向还是反向。
A：无关
B：无关
C：与所提供的信息相反
D：无关，
E：正确，inhibit the elevation of blood cholesterol-----〉the blood cholesterol levels of the subjects in the second group were unchanged
47. High school students who feel that they are not succeeding in school often drop out before graduating and go to work. Last year, however, the city’s high school dropout rate was significantly lower than the previous year’s rate. This is encouraging evidence that the program instituted two years ago to improve the morale of high school students has begun to take effect to reduce dropouts.
Which one of the following, if true about the last year, most seriously weakens the argument?
A. There was a recession that caused a high level of unemployment in the city.
B. The morale of students who dropped out of high school had been low even before they reached high school.
C. As in the preceding year, more high school students remained in school than dropped out.
D. High schools in the city established placement offices to assist their graduates in obtaining employment.
E. The antidropout program was primarily aimed at improving students’ morale in those high schools with the highest dropout rates.
The passage puts forward a phenomenon that last year, however, the city’s high school dropout rate was significantly lower than the previous year’s rate; the passage attributes the phenomenon to the explanation that there is some program and the program helps the students’ morale. However if there are other reasons that could explain that mentioned phenomenon, the argument will be seriously weakened.
Choice A, by pointing out that a recession caused a high level of unemployment in the city, explains the phenomenon clearly. Furthermore, Choice A negates the effects of the so-called morale program. The students stay in the school not because they want to, but because they cannot find jobs so they have to stay.
Choice B has nothing to do with the reasoning in the passage because the passage does not deal with anything about the students before they join high school.
Choice C deals with the students remain in high school. However the passage discusses about students who dropped out.
Choice D clarifies what the program did about helping the students. This does not weaken the argument in the passage.
Choice E, just as D, only tells about the content of the program, does not weaken the argument.
看看这句话High school students who feel that they are not succeeding in school often drop out before graduating and go to work.这里是说学生是因为觉得不可能在学校取得成功才辍学找工作的。仅仅是帮助学生找工作不能解决学生的moral问题。因此D没有在根本上削弱。---- 深海的小美人鱼
因为学校成立了 placement offices 来帮助毕业生找工作，所以学生就不退学了
这句话的前提是学校帮不帮忙找工作决定学生退不退学，这在原文中并没有说明。如果单从学生不退学讲，这可以算作是支持。而原文的“drop out before graduating and go to work”的必然前提是学生可以go to work,也就是有地方可去，所以否定这个前提学生就不会退学，因此构成了“就业形势不好，学生就不退学了”这个他因。--- seanql
48. The television show Henry was not widely watched until it was scheduled for Tuesday evenings immediately after That’s Life, the most popular show on television. During the year after the move, Henry was consistently one of the ten most-watched shows on television. Since Henry’s recent move to Wednesday evenings, however, it has been watched by far fewer people. We must conclude that Henry was widely watched before the move to Wednesday evenings because it followed That’s Life and not because people especially liked it.
Which one of the following, if true, most strengthens the argument?
A. Henry has been on the air for three years, but That’s Life has been on the air for only two years.
B. The show that replaced Henry on Tuesdays has persistently had a low number of viewers in the Tuesday time slot.
C. The show that now follows That’s Life on Tuesdays has double the number of viewers it had before being moved.
D. After its recent move to Wednesday, Henry was aired at the same time as the second most popular show on television.
E. That’s Life was not widely watched during the first year it was aired.
答案：C
思路：直接举证说明原因
A：无关
B：无关
C：直接举证说明原因，紧跟That’s Life的节目观众数量翻番
D：削弱
E：无关
Questions 49-50
Joseph: My encyclopedia says that the mathematician Pierre de Fermat died in 1665 without leaving behind any written proof for a theorem that he claimed nonetheless to have proved. Probably this alleged theorem simply cannot be proved, since---as the article points out---no one else has been able to prove it. Therefore it is likely that Fermat was either lying or else mistaken when he made his claim.
Laura: Your encyclopedia is out of date. Recently someone has in fact proved Fermat’s theorem. And since the theorem is provable, your claim---that Fermat was lying or mistaken---clearly is wrong.
49. Joseph’s statement that “this alleged theorem simply cannot be proved” plays which one of the following roles in his argument?
A. an assumption for which no support is offered
B. a subsidiary conclusion on which his argument’s main conclusion is based
C. a potential objection that his argument anticipates and attempts to answer before it is raised
D. the principle claim that his argument is structured to refute
E. background information that neither supports nor undermines his argument’s conclusion
答案：B
思路：
Joseph的论证过程
EVIDENCE1：百科全书说：P宣称已证明某理论，但没有留下任何书面证据。(My encyclopedia says …….have proved.)
EVIDENCE2：没有人能够证明(since…. prove it)
Mid Conclusion：P没有证明他的理论。(EVIDENCE支持得到的中间结论)
Conclusion：P说谎或他的CLAIM错。(由EVIDENCE1和Mid Conclusion得到)
50. Which one of the following most accurately describes a reasoning error in Laura’s argument?
A. It purports to establish its conclusion by making a claim that, if true, would actually contradict that conclusion.
B. It mistakenly assumes that the quality of a person’s character can legitimately be taken to guarantee the accuracy of the claims that person has made.
C. It mistakes something that is necessary for its conclusion to follow for something that ensures that the conclusion follows.
D. It uses the term “provable” without defining it.
E. It fails to distinguish between a true claim that has mistakenly between believed to be false and a false claim that has mistakenly been believed to be true.
答案：C
思路：
Laura的论证过程：该理论已证明—>P没有说谎，他的CLAIM对。理论对并不能表明是P证明的，这只是必要条件，不是充分条件。
51. People who have political power tend to see new technologies as a means of extending or protecting their power, whereas they generally see new ethical arguments and ideas as a threat to it. Therefore, technical ingenuity usually brings benefits to those who have this ingenuity, whereas ethical inventiveness brings only pain to those who have this inventiveness.
Which one of the following statements, if true, most strengthens the argument?
A. Those who offer new ways of justifying current political power often reap the benefits of their own innovations.
B. Politically powerful people tend to reward those who they believe are useful to them and to punish those who they believe are a threat.
C. Ethical inventiveness and technical ingenuity are never possessed by the same individuals
D. New technologies are often used by people who strive to defeat those who currently have political power.
E. Many people who possess ethical inventiveness conceal their novel ethical arguments for fear of retribution by the politically powerful.
B is correct. The passage reaches the conclusion that technical ingenuity usually brings benefits to those who have this ingenuity, whereas ethical inventiveness brings only pain to those who have this inventiveness. However the only reason is that People who have political power tend to see new technologies as a means of extending or protecting their power, whereas they generally see new ethical arguments and ideas as a threat to it. From the reason to the conclusion, there is a jump of concept. We need a link for the 2 concepts: people who have political power and the ingenuity. Choice B, by establishing the link, provides the strongest support. Choice B is actually an assumption for the argument.
A, C does not bear on the reasoning of the passage. D weakens the argument. E does not concern, because what many people do has nothing to do with the conclusion.
52. Birds need so much food energy to maintain their body temperatures that some of them spend most of their time eating. But a comparison of a bird of a seed-eating species to a bird of a nectar-eating species that has the same overall energy requirement would surely show that the seed-eating bird spends more time eating than does the nectar-eating bird, since a given amount of nectar provides more energy than does the same amount of seeds
The argument relies on which one of the following questionable assumptions
A. Birds of different species do not generally have the same overall energy requirements as each other
B. The nectar-eating bird does not sometimes also eat seeds
C. The time it takes for the nectar-eating bird to eat a given amount of nectar is not longer than the time it takes the seed-eating bird to eat the same amount of seeds
D. The seed-eating bird does not have a lower body temperature than that of the nectar-eating bird
E. The overall energy requirements of a given bird do not depend on factors such as the size of the bird, its nest-building habits; and the climate of the region in which it lives
这就是一个排除它因型假设呀!为什么一定要去反呢在去看呢，好像这里好多网友都在这么做。 即使取反，那肯定削弱了原来命题：它因存在，不是吃得多，而是吃得慢造成的时间花费差异。--- dorbear
Nectar鸟和seed鸟需要能量一样多，但nectar食物单个能量大，所以nectar鸟吃的数量少。结论：nectar鸟吃东西花的时间少。 使以上必然成立的条件(assumption)是nectar鸟一定吃的更快，不然还是有可能花的时间比seed鸟多。和C相反，所以c questionable。---- seanql
53. When investigators discovered that the director of a local charity had repeatedly overstated the number of people his charity had helped, the director accepted responsibility for the deception. However, the investigators claims that journalists were as much to blame as the director was for inflating the charity’s reputation, since they had naively accepted what the director told them, and simply reported as fact the numbers he gave them.
Which one of the following principles, if valid, most helps to justify the investigators’ claim
A. Anyone who works for a charitable organization is obliged to be completely honest about the activities of that organization.
B. Anyone who knowingly aids a liar by trying to conceal the truth from others is also a liar.
C. Anyone who presents as factual a story that turns out to be untrue without first attempting to verify that story is no less responsible for the consequences of that story than anyone else is.
D. Anyone who lies in order to advance his or her own career is more deserving of blame than someone who lies in order to promote a good cause.
E. Anyone who accepts responsibility for a wrongful act that he or she committed is less deserving of blame than someone who tries to conceal his or her own wrongdoing.
同51题：
参考思路：加强型题型。
对作者的论述，进行简单归纳形成加强。Anyone who presents as factual a story that turns out to be untrue without first attempting to verify that story is no less responsible for the consequences of that story than anyone else is.
54. Telephone companies are promoting “voice mail” as an alternative to the answering machine. By recording messages from callers when a subscriber does not have access to his or her telephone, voice mail provides a service similar to that of an answering machine. The companies promoting this service argue that it will soon make answering machines obsolete, since it is much more convenient, more flexible, and less expensive than an answering machine.
Which one of the following, if true, most calls into question the argument made by the companies promoting voice mail?
A. Unlike calls made to owners of answering machines, all telephone calls made to voice-mail subscribers are completed, even if the line called is in use at the time of the call.
B. The surge in sales of answering machines occurred shortly after they were first introduced to the electronics market.
C. Once a telephone customer decides to subscribe to voice mail, that customer can cancel the service at any time.
D. Answering machines enable the customer to hear who is calling before the customer decides whether to answer the telephone, a service voice mail does not provide.
E. The number of messages a telephone answering machine can record is limited by the length of the magnetic tape on which calls are recorded
答案: D
思路: 段落论述X方式(voice mail)在某些方面的优点大于Y方式(answering machine), 将会导致Y的过时, 此时weaken的方向在于找出X劣于Y的缺点,或Y优于X的优点.
A. 提到voice mail的优点,对段落支持.
B. 无关选项,answering machine的销售情况与段落无关
C. 无关选项, 客户可在任何时间取消voice mail, 无X,Y的优劣比较
D. 正确, 提出了answering machine优于voice mail的优点.
E. 提出answering machine的缺点,支持了段落.
Questions 55-56
The simple facts are these: the number of people killed each year by bears is about the same as the number of people killed by lightning of golf courses. And the number of people killed by lightning on golf courses each year is about the same as the number of people electrocuted by electric blenders. All the horrible myths and gruesome stories aside, therefore a grizzly bear is in fact about as dangerous as an electric blender or a game of golf.
55. Which one of the following is an assumption that the author relies upon in the passage?
A. Most incidents involving grizzly bears are fatal.
B. Grizzly bears are no longer the danger they once were.
C. The number of fatalities per year is an adequate indication of something’s dangerousness.
D. A golf course is a particularly dangerous place to be in a thunderstorm.
E. Something is dangerous only if it results in death in the majority of cases.
答案: C
思路: 搭桥法, 建立A与B的联系. 文章由三种情况导致people的死亡数量相同的事实推理到此三种情况的危险度相同,此时要找出死亡数量与危险度的关系.
A, B, D分别讲述了grizzly bear的伤害是致命的, grizzly bear 不再危险, golf course是雷击的特殊情况, 没有提及死亡数量与危险度的关系, 属无关选项.
E强调只有在大多数cases中出现死亡才为危险, 与A, B比较无关,
只有C是正确的,建立了A,B的关系, 死亡数量可准确地说明危险度.
56. Which one of the following, if true, would most effectively undermine the author’s argument?
A. Although the number of people killed by lightning on golf courses each year is very small, the total number of lightning fatalities is many times greater.
B. Electric blenders are among the safest housed hold appliances; were the author to compare fatalities from electrical appliances in general, she would get a much higher figure.
C. Most people would rather take their chances with benders and golf games than with grizzly bears.
D. Bears in general---including black, brown, and cinnamon bears, as well as grizzly bears---kill many more people than do electric blenders.
E. Statistics show that the number of times people use electric blenders each year exceeds the number of times people play golf each year, which in turn far exceeds the number of contacts people have with grizzly bears each year.
答案: E
思路: 否定死亡数量与危险度的关系,找出影响危险度的另一个因素.
A: 无关选项, 被电击致死的总数量与因lightning on golf courses致死的数量比较, 属无关比较.
B: 无关选项, 其他electrical appliance的死亡数量更高, 与比较无关.
C: 大多数人的态度, 无关选项
D: 熊比electric blender杀的人多, 无关比较.
E: 正确, 人们接触某种情况的时间 (机会) 越多 (大), 其危险度越高.
57. Free public education is the best form of education there is. Therefore, we must fight to ensure its continued existence; that is, we must be ready to defend the principle of equality of educational opportunity. Because this principle is well worth defending, it is clear that free public education is better than any other form of education.
Which one of the following illustrates the same weak reasoning as found in the passage?
A. I love music, and that’s why I listen to it constantly. I have my stereo or radio on every waking minute. Since I lay music all the time, I must really love it.
B. Books are my most valuable possessions. My books are like my friends---each pleases me in different ways. Just as I would give up everything to save my friends, so too with my books.
C. I would much rather be poor and respected than be rich and despises. To have the respect of others is far more valuable than to have millions of dollars.
D. I have never been betrayed by any of my friends. They have been true to me through good times and bad. Therefore I will never betray any of my friends.
E. Because every plant I have ever seen has green leaves, I have concluded that all plants must have green leaves. This looks like a plant but it does not have green leaves, so it cannot be a plant.
A. 选项中，因为爱音乐总开着音响;又以开音响为事实，证明自己爱音乐;这和原题中的逻辑错误相似。原题中，因为公共教育好所以要维护该项制度;又以努力维护制度为事实，证明公共教育好。The fallacy in the passage is circle——自说自话。The best answer is A.
B. 选项逻辑上没有什么错误吧。
C. 观点虽然有些偏激，但逻辑错误与原文并不相同。
D. 以事实为基础，感恩图报，没什么错的。
E. 因为见到过的星球都有绿色叶子，得出因为没有绿叶，虽然看起来象星球也不是星球，推出荒谬的结论。其中的逻辑错误应该是以偏概全吧，这个选项迷惑性满大的。
58. Some people say that the scarcity of food is a function of the finite limits of the earth’s resources, coupled with a relentless rate of population growth. This analysis fails to recognize, however, that much of the world’s agricultural resources are used to feed livestock instead of people. In the United States, for example, almost one-half of the agricultural acreage is devoted to crops fed to livestock. A steer reduces twenty-one pounds of inexpensive grain to one pound of expensive meat. Thus, the scarcity of food is not merely a function of limited resources and population growth.
Which one of the following is an assumption that would allow the conclusion in the argument to be properly drawn?
A. People prefer eating meat to eating grain.
B. Meat is twenty-one times more expensive than grain.
C. The limits of the earth’s agricultural resources are not finite.
D. More than one-half of the agricultural acreage in the United States is devoted to drops fed to humans.
E. Growing crops for human consumption on the acreage currently devoted to crops for livestock will yield more food for more people.
E is the best answer. 喂养牲畜消耗的粮食为人们创造更多的食物。(题目内容是：有观点认为食物缺乏是因为土地资源有限而人口数量却不断增多。但作者认为该观点忽视了农产品中有相当大一部分是用来喂家畜的。在美国几乎有一半土地的粮食是为了养家畜。1磅肉要用去21磅廉价的谷物。因此，食物缺乏不仅是因为土地资源有限而人口数量却不断增多。)根据题目要求，我们只须反驳养家畜对粮食紧缺造成的影响。选项A中即使人们爱吃肉只会引起更多的粮食消耗，不能反驳作者; B并不能充分改变人们的取向;C强词夺理;D重复事实。
59. Top college graduates are having more difficulty demonstrating their superiority to prospective employers than did the top students of twenty years ago when an honors degree was distinction enough. Today’s employers are less impressed with the honors degree. Twenty years ago no more than 10 percent of a given class graduated with honors. Today, however, because of grade inflation, the honors degree goes to more than 50 percent of a graduating class. Therefore, to restore confidence in the degrees they award, colleges must take steps to control grade inflation.
Which one of the following is an assumption that, if true, would support the conclusion in the passage?
A. Today’s students are not higher achievers than the students of twenty years ago.
B. Awarding too many honors degrees causes colleges to inflate grades.
C. Today’s employers rely on honors ranking in making their hiring decisions.
D. It is not easy for students with low grades to obtain jobs.
E. Colleges must make employers aware of the criteria used to determine who receives an honor degree.
The best answer is A. 如果现在的优秀学生数量比20年前多，那么授予更多的honor degree就很正常了，也许除了荣誉学位，学生应该用别的方面来证明自己。所以只有当现在的学生素质不值得被授予象20年前那样的荣誉学位的时候，整个论证才有道理。
60. One of the more reliable methods of determining regional climatic conditions in prehistoric periods is to examine plant pollen trapped in glacial ice during ancient times. By comparing such pollen samples with spores take from modern vegetation, scientists can figure out approximately what the weather was like at the time of pollen deposition. Furthermore, by submitting the prehistoric samples to radiocarbon dating techniques, we can also determine when certain climatic conditions were prevalent in that portion of the globe.
Which one of the following may be inferred from the information in the passage?
A. The earth has undergone several glacial periods.
B. Radiocarbon dating can be corroborated by glacial evidence.
C. Similarities between prehistoric and contemporary climates do not exist.
D. Pollen deposition is a fairly continuous process.
E. Certain flora are reliably associated with particular climatic conditions.
INFERENCE question is very similar to ASSUMPTION in that both are required conditions in the argument. So inference is not a conclusion itself of the argument. It is one condition that must be true for the conclusion to hold. The line of reasoning can be as follows:
Argument: A à B. Ask for inference C. The links are A à B à C. Or Not C à Not B. A and B are the premise and conclusion in the argument respectively. C is the inference.
No. 60 is a good example. What the passage says is that scientists can figure out the weather condition in ancient times by examine the pollen from those times. So the hidden premise is that there is a connection between groups of plants and climatic conditions. If E is not true, and there is no connection between plants and climatic conditions, the statement that scientists can find out the climatic conditions by studying pollen can not hold.
So, for INFERENCE questions, you should treat it the same way as ASSUMTION question. First, understand the conclusion, or the statement in this question. And find the REQUIRED condition in the choices. To test the answer, use “NOT” and put it back in the argument to see if conclusion still holds.
Let’s take a look at the rest of the choices.
A: Irrelevant. Scientist can use pollen to find out the climatic conditions no matter how many times the earth has undergone glacial periods. When you see a choice with words expressing “degree” or “times” like rarely, most, many, less, several, probably, very, none, etc., pay attention to what the passage says. You need to make sure that these words can be inferred from the passage.
B. Irrelevant. The argument says that using radiocarbon on the samples can get further information. What B says is that glacial evidence supports radiocarbon dating. In another words, glacial evidence proves what radiocarbon dating finds out. It is not hinted by the argument or required for the conclusion.
C. Irrelevant to the statement. Use “not” to test.
D. Looks like an answer. But the statement is not about the continuity of climatic conditions. So D is irrelevant.
61. Investigators concluded that human failure was not responsible for the fatal airplane crash last August, and since that time new and more stringent rules for identifying and reporting mechanical problems have been in effect. That accounts for the fact that reports of airplane mechanical problems have increased in frequency by 50 percent since last August.
Which one of the following is an assumption underlying the argument in the passage?
A. Airplane travel is still relatively safe, despite the increase in reported mechanical problems.
B. Mechanical problems in airplanes have increased dramatically since last August.
C. Mechanical problems in airplanes have not increased by 50 percent since last August.
D. Airlines are less reluctant to report mechanical problems than they previously were.
E. Mechanical problems in airplanes have become easier to detect since last August.
A. 文中第一句the fatal airplane crash last August已经客观存在，说明飞机旅行并非相当安全。与文中事实相反。
B. 用于识别和报告机械故障问题的更加严格的新规定已经生效，这才是the fact that reports of airplane mechanical problems have increased in frequency by 50 percent since last August的真正原因。而B选项Mechanical problems in airplanes是它因，削弱结论。
C. 正确。“Mechanical problems in airplanes have increased by 50 percent since last August”是用他因来削弱结论，加上NOT，则是排除他因的假设。
D. 诉诸于航空公司的主观意愿，与过去相比较，都跟现在的情况无关。
E. become easier to detect无关词。
62. Brushing your teeth regularly no matter which toothpaste you use, will reduce your chances of tooth decay. Scientists have concluded that, when you brush, you reduce tooth decay by removing the film of plaque that forms on teeth and gums. So, you can forget about fluorides: brush your teeth carefully and say goodbye to cavities.
Which one of the following is a criticism of the reasoning in the argument?
A. Brushing with fluoride toothpaste has been shown to reduce tooth decay.
B. The fact that brushing will reduce tooth decay does not show that fluorides are of no value.
C. Few people adequately remove plaque by brushing.
D. People have plaque on their teeth most of the time.
E. Scientists have been wrong about fluorides.
结论——你能忘掉氟化物：请认真地刷牙才会告别牙洞。取非：氟化物不能被忘掉，不是只刷牙就能远离牙洞。
A. 结论中显示了作者对于两者的态度，否定氟化物，肯定刷牙。削弱则必须肯定氟化物，把不同类的两者放在一起，因果的关系不明显，容易混淆。
B. 正确。刷牙会减少牙齿腐烂的事实并不能表明氟化物就没有价值，即，不能因为一样东西有作用就说另外一个东西没作用：准确无误指出了原文论证的漏洞。
C. 诉诸于一般人的情况，无关。
D. Most of the time无关词。问题同C
E. 诉诸于权威，无关。
63. Some good cooks are gourmet cooks who pride themselves on always using extravagantly rich ingredients in elaborate recipes. Some good cooks can be characterized as fast-food cooks. They may use rich ingredients as long as the recipes are easy to follow and take little time. Other good cooks are health food enthusiasts, who are concerned primarily with the nutritional value of food. But even though not all good cooks are big eaters, they all enjoy preparing and serving food.
If the information in the passage is true, which one of the following CANNOT be true?
A. Most good cooks do not use extravagantly rich ingredients.
B. Everyone who enjoys preparing and serving food is a good cook.
C. More good cooks who use extravagantly rich ingredients are big eaters than are good cooks who do not use such ingredients.
D. There are fewer good cooks who enjoy serving and preparing food than there are good cooks who are big eaters.
E. Gourmet cooks, fast-food cooks, and cooks who are health food enthusiasts are all big eaters.
A. 原文的第一句，从原文推出。
B. 从结论可以推出。
C. 推不出这种比较，无关。
D. 正确。结论：但是即使并非所有的好厨师是big eaters，他们却全都喜欢准备和供应食物。说明喜欢准备和供应食物的好厨师的人数更多，是big eaters的好厨师的人数相比较少。D选项与原文的结论相反。
E. 从原文推出。
Questions 64-65
If the city council institutes new parking regulations, city revenues will surely increase, since studies have conclusively shown that, if such parking regulations are put into effect, there is an increase in parking violations, and an increase in parking violations will result in a greater number of parking fines collected.
64. If the statements in the passage are true, which one of the following must also be true?
A. Unless there is an increase in the number of parking violations in the city, city revenues will not increase.
B. If the city council institutes new parking regulations, the council will fall from favor with the citizens.
C. The city council will institute new parking regulations only if an increase in city revenues can be expected to result.
D. If the city council’s new regulations cause more parking violators to be ticketed, the city revenues will increase.
E. Unless the city institutes a complex system of parking regulations, the city cannot expect traffic violations to increase.
Choice C just repeats the conclusion: institution of new regulations -> increase of city revenues. it fails to fill the gap between institution of regulations and increase of revenues.
new regulations -> more violations-> more fines collected(increase of revenues)
D is correct.
65. According to advertisements, the higher a suntan lotion’s sun protection factor, or SPE, the more protection from sunburn. In order for a suntan lotion to work, however, one has to remember to put it on before going in the sun, put on an adequate amount to cover the skin, and reapply it as needed. Therefore, it really does not matter what SPE a suntan lotion has.
Which one of the following best identifies the error in reasoning made in the passage?
A. It is unreasonable to assume that the only purpose of a suntan lotion is to provide protection from sunburn.
B. Because some people get sunburned more easily than other, the fact that there are different SPEs cannot be ignored.
C. It cannot be concluded that the SPEs is not important just because there are requirements for the application of the suntan lotion.
D. It is unreasonable to assume that all suntan lotions required the same application procedures in order to work effectively.
E. There is no reason to assume that manufacturers are unaware that people sometimes forget to apply suntan lotion before going in the sun.
This is exactly the same as No 62. 只有C明确提出不能因为一样东西有作用就说另外一个东西没作用：准确无误指出了原文论证的漏洞。
A， The passage has nothing to do with the “only purpose”.
B， Because the passage has already make clear that people can apply many times of the lotion for difference people, so the idea in choice B is not a lope hole in the reasoning.
C，By pointing out that it is not right to eliminate the effectiveness of SPEs because there are other requirements.
D，There is no assumption in the passage that all suntan lotions required the same application procedures.
E，Anything about manufactures does not bear on the reasoning in the passage.
66. A recent survey showed that many workers in a certain company are dissatisfied with their jobs. The survey also showed that most of the dissatisfied workers believe that they have little control over their job assignments. Therefore, to increase workers’ job satisfaction the company’s management need only concentrated on changing workers’ beliefs regarding the degree of control they have over their job assignment.
Which one of the following, if also shown by the survey, would most seriously call into question the conclusion made by the author of the passage?
A. The dissatisfied workers feel that their wages are too low and working conditions are unsatisfactory.
B. The number of workers in the company who are satisfied with their jobs is greater than the number of workers who are dissatisfied.
C. The workers in the company are more dissatisfied than workers in other companies.
D. Most people in company management believe that the workers already have too much control over their work.
E. The workers in the company who are satisfied with their jobs believe that they have a lot of control over their job assignments.
他因法进行削弱。A is correct.
(B) The number of workers in the company who are satisfied with their jobs is greater than the number of workers who are dissatisfied. 无关数字
(C) The workers in the company are more dissatisfied than workers in other companies. 无关对比
(D) Most people in company management believe that the workers already have too much control over their work. 无关比较
(E) The workers in the company who are satisfied with their jobs believe that they have a lot of control over their job assignments. 支持
67. It has always been difficult to understand the basis of politics in the People’s Republic of China. Because the system is effectively closed, it is impossible to know with any degree of confidence who is allied with whom and for what reasons. Yet Chinese politics does exhibit many of the external characteristics of factional political systems, as found in more open societies. It is legitimate to conclude, therefore, that China has a factional political system.
Which one of the following, if true, would confirm the author’s conclusion that China has a factional political system?
A. All open political systems are factional political systems.
B. All factional political systems are closed political systems.
C. All closed political systems are factional political systems.
D. China’s political system is more open than many existing factional political systems.
E. China’s political system is more closed than all existing factional political systems.
答案：C
思路：加强题。前提1，(A)中国zz系统——封闭;前提2，中国zz——派系zz系统;结论，(B)中国——派系zz系统。加强结论。
A. open political systems 文中未提及，与open societies无关，不要混淆。
B. B是A，AB之间架桥，但起到加强前提的作用，与问题要求相反。
C. A是B，AB之间架桥，起到加强结论的作用，
D. 架桥方向错误，open与否与结论无关。
E. 同D。
