2014年GRE考试精选练习题(第五套)-外语试题-考试试题大全

1. The university’s constitution defines the powers of two governing bodies.The general council， which currently retains authority over constitutional matters， consists of all the university’s living alumni.The twenty-member senate decides routine matters by majority vote.A new proposal suggests making a unanimous vote in the senate sufficient to change the constitution.

If the statements above are true， which of the following must follow on the basis of them?

(A) The proposal will take effect only if it receives the senate’s unanimous support.

(B) Currently each member of the senate has power of veto over any proposal that comes before that body.

(D) Any of the university’s alumni can fill any one of the twenty seats on the senate.

(E) Adopting the new proposal would increase the voice of the alumni in the conduct of university affairs.

2.Comparison of the growth rings of ancient trees enables scientists to determine from a piece of timber the year in which the tree used for the timber was felled.Hence， by analyzing the growth rings in timber surviving from ancient buildings， archaeolo gists can determine precisely when those buildings were constructed.

Which of the following is an assumption on which the argument depends?

(A) The timber used for construction purposes in ancient times was made from very old trees.

(B) The timber that was used in ancient building construction had not， prior to being used in the construction of the buildings， lain unused for an indeterminable amount of time.

(C) The growth rings of any tree felled in a given year are identical to the growth rings of any other tree felled in that year.

(D) The oldest of the ancient buildings that survive to the present day were constructed of the most durable woods.

(E) Ancient builders did not use more than one type of wood for the construction of a given building.

3.Color-tinting of movies originally photographed in black-and-white is inappropriate.Hundreds of the original artistic choices would have been made differently had these movies been filmed in color.Lighting on the sets of these movies was arranged to make highlights and shadows look right in black-and-white.

Which of the following claims， if substituted for the claim about the lighting of movie sets， would lend the same type of support to the argument above?

(A) An important part of what gives these movies their identity is the result of the black-and-white format.

(B) Color film would have better captured the film-makers’ intentions.

(D) Makeup for the actors was applied so as to look best in black-and-white films.

(E) The choice of black-and-white film over color film is entirely a matter of taste.

4.In Borkland， university scholarship stipends worth $4.2 million were unclaimed last year because several scholarship programs attracted no applicants who met the programs’ qualifying criteria.This is an egregious waste of funds in a country where thousands of promising students each year cannot afford tuition.Qualifying criteria for those scholarships， therefore， should be revised.

Which of the following， if true about Borkland， most strongly supports the conclusion drawn above?

(A) Many scholarships are unclaimed not because their qualifying criteria are too restrictive but because the scholarship programs rarely announce the scholarships’ availability.

(B) Because of inflation， the stipends offered by certain scholarship programs now appear less attractive to potential applicants than they did when they were first offered.

(C) A significant number of scholarship programs awarded all of their available scholarship stipends last year， yet most of those programs have very restrictive qualifying criteria.

(D) Certain scholarship programs accept applications only from students enrolled in specific major fields of study， but Borkland’s universities no longer offer courses in the fields specified by many of those programs.

(E) Several scholarship programs have found it impossible to revise their qualifying criteria without engaging in lengthy and costly legal proceedings.

5.In Diersville the new Environmental Action party won two seats on the seven-member town council in 1988.It lost both of those seats in the 1992 election，even though the party’s pro-environment platform had essentially remained unchanged.This decline in the party’s fortunes clearly demonstrates that in Diersville environmental concerns faded in significance between 1988 and 1992.

Which of the following， if true， most seriously weakens the argument?

(A) Between 1988 and 1992， the number of eligible voters in Diersville rose， but not the percentage who actually voted.

(B) Between 1988 and 1992， Diersville’s leading political party revised its platform， adopting a strongly environmentalist stance.

(C) The parties that ran candidates in the 1992 election in Diersville were the same as those that had done so in the 1988 election.

(D) In 1992 the Environmental Action party won fewer votes in Diersville than it had won in 1988.

(E) Between 1988 and 1992， some measures intended to benefit the environment had been adopted by the town council， but with inconclusive results.

6.The United States is not usually thought of as a nation of parakeet lovers.Yet in a census of parakeet owners in selected comparable countries， the United States ranked second， with eleven parakeet owners per hundred people.The conclusion can be drawn from this that people in the United States are more likely to own parakeets than are people in most other countries.

Knowledge of which of the following would be most useful in judging the accuracy of the conclusion?

(A) The number of parakeets in the United States.

(B) The number of parakeet owners in the United States.

(D) The number of parakeet owners in the United States compared to the numbers of owners of other pet birds in the United States.

(E) The numbers of parakeet owners per hundred people in the countries not included in the census.

7. Until 1984 only aspirin and acetaminophen shared the lucrative nonprescription pain-reliever market. In 1984， however， ibuprofen was expected to account for fifteen percent of all nonprescription pain-reliever sales.On that basis business experts predicted for 1984 a corresponding fifteen percent decrease in the combined sales of aspirin and acetaminophen.

The prediction mentioned in the last sentence above was based on which of the following assumptions?

(A) Most consumers would prefer ibuprofen to both aspirin and acetaminophen.

(B) Aspirin， acetaminophen， and ibuprofen all relieve headache pain and muscular aches， but aspirin and ibuprofen can also cause stomach irritation.

(D) The companies that manufacture and sell aspirin and acetaminophen would not also manufacture and sell ibuprofen.

(E) The introduction of ibuprofen would not increase total sales of nonprescription pain reliever.

8. New regulations in Mullentown require manufacturers there to develop five-year pollution-reduction plans. The regulations require that each manufacturer develop a detailed plan for reducing its released pollutants by at least 50 percent. Clearly， the regulations will not result in significant pollution reduction， how- ever， since the regulations do not force manufacturers to implement their plans.

Which of the following， if true， most weakens the argument?

(A) Mullentown’s manufacturing plants are not the only source of pollution there.

(B) Detailed plans would reveal that measures to reduce released pollutants would also reduce manufacturers’ costs for materials， waste disposal， and legal services

(C) Pollutants that manufacturing processes create but that are not released directly into the environment must nonetheless be collected and prepared for disposal

(D) Any reductions in pollutants released from Mullentown’s manufacturing plants would not be noticeable for at least five years.

(E) Each manufacturer will be required to submit its plan to a committee appointed by Mullentown’s officials.

The prediction mentioned in the last sentence above was based on which of the following assumptions?

(A) Most consumers would prefer ibuprofen to both aspirin and acetaminophen.

(B) Aspirin， acetaminophen， and ibuprofen all relieve headache pain and muscular aches， but aspirin and ibuprofen can also cause stomach irritation.

(D) The companies that manufacture and sell aspirin and acetaminophen would not also manufacture and sell ibuprofen.

(E) The introduction of ibuprofen would not increase total sales of nonprescription pain reliever.

Which of the following， if true， most weakens the argument?

(A) Mullentown’s manufacturing plants are not the only source of pollution there.

(B) Detailed plans would reveal that measures to reduce released pollutants would also reduce manufacturers’ costs for materials， waste disposal， and legal services

(C) Pollutants that manufacturing processes create but that are not released directly into the environment must nonetheless be collected and prepared for disposal

(D) Any reductions in pollutants released from Mullentown’s manufacturing plants would not be noticeable for at least five years.

(E) Each manufacturer will be required to submit its plan to a committee appointed by Mullentown’s officials.

9. To produce seeds， plants must first produce flowers.Two kinds of tarragon plants， Russian tarragon and French tarragon， look very similar except that Russian tarragon produces flowers and French tarragon does not. The leaves of Russian tarragon，however， lack the distinctive flavor that makes

French tarragon a desirable culinary herb If the information presented is true， which of the following can most reliably be concluded on the basis of it?

(A) As a decorative plant， French tarragon is more desirable than Russian tarragon.

(B) The flowers of Russian tarragon plants are probably not flavorful.

(D) There are no other kinds of tarragon besides Russian tarragon and French tarragon

(E) Garden plants that have flavorful leaves generally do not produce flowers.

10. In the United States， the financing of industrial research by private industrial firms remained steady as a percentage of sales during the period between 1968 and 1978 (after correcting for inflation)。 But slowdowns in the growth of industrial productivity also occurred during that period， a fact that refutes the notion that the growth of industrial productivity is directly proportional to the amount invested in industrial research.

Which of the following， if true for the United States，most weakens the argument above?

(A) Federal funds， which constituted a significant portion of the support for industrial research from 1968 to 1978， fell annually and substantially during that period.

(B) The inflation that occurred between 1968 and 1978 was more severe than leading economists had expected.

(C) Industrial executives generally favor investing an appreciably larger portion of corporate funds in short-term product development than in basic research.

(D) The scientists and engineers who worked in industry from 1968 to 1978 were， as a group， more experienced in their jobs than were those who worked in industry during the previous ten-year period.

(E) Corporate financing of industrial research increased in several of the years immediately following 1978 (after correcting for inflation)

11. Although many brands of gasoline are sold on Haibei Island， gasoline companies there get all of the refined gasoline they sell from Haibei seaport’s only storage tank， which is always refilled with the same quality of gasoline. Therefore， the brands of gasoline of sale on Haibei may be different in name and price， but they are identical in quality.

The conclusion drawn above depends on which of the following assumptions?

(A) Consumers are usually unaware of variations in the quality of the gasoline they buy unless those variations are announced by the gasoline companies.

(B) When tankers make gasoline deliveries at Haibei’s seaport， the storage tank on Haibei always receives the same quantity of gasoline as that in the preceding delivery.

(D) If any gasoline company on Haibei alters the quality of its gasoline before sale， the other gasoline companies also use methods before sale that result in the same change in the quality of their gasoline .

(E) The gasoline storage tank on Haibei is large enough to meet the needs of all of Haibei’s different gasoline companies.

12.A group of paintings made approximately 15，000 years ago in a cave in the Loire River valley in what is now France depicts a number of different animals. One of the animals depicted seems to resemble the chiru， a rare antelope of the Himalayas.

Which of the following， if true， best supports the hypothesis that in painting the animal that resembles a chiru the cave artist painted a chiru with which she or he was familiar?

(A) There are numerous representations of imaginary animals in cave paintings of similar age.

(B) Fossilized remains of a chiru， approximately 16，000 years old， have been found at the northern end of the valley.

(C) The cave that contains the depiction of an animal that resembles a chiru contains stylized representations of plant life.

(D) Older caves from the same region contain no representations of animals that resemble a chiru.

(E) The antlers of the animal in the painting are longer than those of the mature Himalayan chiru.

备战2014GRE阅读逻辑练习题及答案

新GRE考试阅读中对于逻辑题的考生是一个重点，下面几天我们将针对新gre考试逻辑题题型给大家整理一些练习题。希望对考生在阅读方面的复习有所帮助。

1. Drug companies lose money when manufacturing drugs that cure those suffering from rare diseases because selling a drug to only a few people usually does not recoup manufacturing expenses.Therefore，a company manufacturing any of the drugs that cure those suffering from loxemia， an extremely rare disease， will undoubtedly lose money.

Which of the following， if true， most seriously weakens the conclusion above?

(A)Several drugs that cure those suffering from loxemia also cure those suffering from very common illnesses.

(B)Most of those who contract loxemia also con-tract another illness concurrently.

(C)Most of the drug companies that manufacture drugs that cure rare diseases do not manufac-ture drugs that cure loxemia.

(D)A sizable number of people are afflicted with one or another rare disease even though each rare disease afflicts only a small number of people.

(E)The larger the amount of a drug that is manu-factured， the lower the manufacturing expense for each unit of the drug that is produced.

2.The tomb of a warrior killed in 1501 bears a sculpted portrait depicting him dressed for battle.Some his-torians attribute the portrait to an artist from that century， but of the many references to the tomb in surviving documents， none that predates the 1800’s mentions the portrait.The portrait is therefore more likely the work of a much later artist.

Which of the following， if true， would also support the conclusion of the argument if substituted for the evidence given concerning the portrait?

(A)The portrait of the warrior was commissioned by the family of the warrior’s widow.

(B)References in surviving documents mention that an artist was paid in 1525 for an unspecified number of works for the church in which the tomb is located

(C)The warrior is depicted in the portrait as wearing boots made of a material not used for boots until the 1700’s.

(D)Some other art treasures from the church in which the tomb is located have been reliable dated to the 1400’s.

(E)The portrait of the warrior on the tomb strongly resembles a portrait of him known to have been completed during his lifetime.

3.Scientist：More than 1， 000 large asteroids regularly cross the Earth’s path.Even though the probabil-ity of one colliding with the Earth is extremely slight， we should do whatever we can to reduce that probability since any such collision would be catastrophic.The best way to avoid such a disaster is to deflect the asteroids.The only known way of deflecting asteroids is by hitting them with nuclear weapons that would be stored in space stations.

The scientist‘s claims are structured so as to lead to which of the following conclusions?

(A)Nuclear technology is the only technology that can plausibly be used to prevent natural catastrophes.

(B)Nuclear weapons should be deployed in space.

(C)No catastrophe has yet been caused by the collision of an asteroid with the Earth.

(D)The 1， 000 large asteroids that cross the Earth’s path pose only an extremely slight risk of colliding with the Earth.

(E)There is currently no acceptable use to which nuclear weapons can be put， aside from pro-tecting the Earth from asteroids.

4.It has long been thought that high levels of the hor-mone testosterone contribute to the onset of heart disease in men.However， this view cannot be correct，since men who have heart disease typically show significantly lower levels of testosterone than do men who have not had heart disease.

The argument above assumes which of the following?

(A)Many men who have never had heart disease have unusually low levels of testosterone.

(B)Having heart disease does not significantly lower the level of testosterone in men.

(C)Levels of hormones other than testosterone significantly affect the likelihood that a man will develop heart disease.

(D)Heart disease and lowered testosterone levels in men are the effects of a single common cause.

(E)High levels of testosterone have never been thought to contribute to a serious disease other than heart disease.

5.People who engage in scuba diving are healthier， on average， than people who do not engage in this activity.Therefore， scuba diving tends to promote improved health.

The argument is most vulnerable to criticism on the grounds that it

(A)presupposes that everyone who takes up scuba diving does so solely for health reasons

(B)leads to a further and falsifiable conclusion that no one can achieve good health without engaging in scuba diving

(C)fails to point out that a small number of people are seriously injured in scuba diving accidents each year

(D)treats a precondition for improving one’s health as though it were something that by itself could ensure good health

(E)overlooks the possibility that people generally do not take up scuba diving unless they are in good health

6.Which of the following most logically completes the argument below?In recent years， the proportion of car buyers who buy new cars rather than used cars has declined.Some consumers have attributed this change to an increase in new-car prices.As evidence of the price increase，they cite figures that show that， even adjusting for inflation， the price that the buyer of a new car pays，on average， is far higher now than a few years ago.

This evidence is unpersuasive， however， because

(A)the value of a car that is bought new declines much more rapidly than does the value of a car that is bought used

(B)after someone has bought a car， it might be several years before that person next buys a car

(C)a decline in the proportion of car buyers who buy new cars must necessarily mean that the proportion who buy used cars has increased

(D)the relative increase in used-car sales might be explained by the decisions of only a small proportion of all car buyers

(E)the change in the average price paid for a new car could result solely from more people’s rejecting inexpensive new cars in favor of used cars.

7.In Bassaria a group of that country’s most senior judges has criticized the uniform mandatory sentences recently introduced for certain specific crimes.The judges argue that such sentences， by depriving them of all discretion in setting sentences， make it impos-sible for them to consider either aggravating or exten-uating circumstances and so make it impossible to achieve true justice―the fitting of the severity of the punishment to the gravity of the particular crime.

Which of the following， if true， provides the strongest evidence for the claim that in Bassaria the newly introduced mandatory sentences are not necessarily a change for the worse with respect to achieving true justice as defined in the argument?

(A)Before mandatory sentencing， judges in eastern Bassaria imposed strikingly different sentences from those in western Bassaria for equally grave instances of the same kind of offense.

(B)In Bassaria the frequency of crimes that have been made subject to mandatory sentences is lower now than it was just prior to the intro-duction of mandatory sentencing.

(C)The law introducing mandatory sentences was passed in the legislature of Bassaria by a large majority and is unlikely to be repealed in the foreseeable future.

(D)There used to be a wide difference between the minimum and the maximum sentences allowed by law in cases of crimes now subject to man-datory sentences.

(E)In Bassaria judges are appointed for life and are thus not easily influenced by political pressure groups.

8.Each of two particular inspection systems that are based on different principles would detect all product flaws but would also erroneously reject three percent of flawless products.Assuming there is no overlap between the products erroneously rejected by the two systems and also no interference between the systems if both operate，using both systems and rejecting only those products found flawed by both would be a way of avoiding all erroneous rejections.

Which of the following most precisely characterizes the reasoning in the argument?

(A)The reasoning is conclusive， that is， the conclusion cannot be false if the statements offered in its support are true.

(B)The reasoning is strong but not conclusive， if the statements offered in support of the conclusion are true， they provide good grounds for that conclu-sion， though it is possible that additional infor-mation might weaken the argument.

(C)The reasoning is weak; the statements offered in support of the conclusion， though relevant to it，by themselves provide at best inadequate grounds for the conclusion.

(D)The reasoning is flawed in that the conclusion is no more than a paraphrase of one of the pieces of evidence offered in its support.

(E)The reasoning is flawed in that the argument treats evidence that a factor is necessary to bring about an event as if it were evidence that the factor is sufficient to bring about that event.

9. In recent years， there has been a dramatic decline in the population of the shrike， a predatory bird that inhabits flat land， such as farms and pastures. Some ornithologists hypothesize that this decline is due to the introduction of new， more effective pesticides to control the insect species on which shrikes prey.

The answer to which of the following questions is NOT relevant to evaluating the ornithologists’ hypothesis?

(A) Was there a decline in the shrike population before the new pesticides were first used?

(B) Have shrike populations declined significantly in those habitats where the new pesticides have not been used?

(C) Have the new pesticides more significantly reduced the population of insect species on which shrikes prey than did the pesticides previously used?

(D) Are insects that have consumed the new pesti-cides more toxic to the shrikes that eat those insects than were insects that consumed the less effective pesticides?

(E) Are the new pesticides considered by most people to be less harmful to the environment than the old pesticides were considered to be?

10. Census data for Prenland show that unmarried Prenlandic men in their thirties outnumber unmarried Prenlandic women in that age group by about ten to One. Most of these men do wish to marry. Clearly，however， unless many of them marry women who are not Prenlandic， all but a minority will remain unmarried.

The argument makes which of the following assump-tions?

(A) Emigration from Preland is more common among women than among men.

(B) A greater proportion of Prelandic women in their thirties than of Prenlandic men of the same age would prefer to remain unmarried.

(C) It is unlikely that many of these unmarried Prenlandic men will marry women more than a few years older than themselves.

(D) Prenland has a high rate of divorce.

(E) Most of the unmarried Prenlandic men are unwilling to marry women who are not Prenlandic.

11.Certain extremely harmful bacteria found only in sewage are difficult to detect directly. Testing for E. coli， an easily detected and less harmful type of bacteria， in ocean water would be a reliable way of determining whether or not these more harmful bac-teria are present， since ocean water contains E. Coli only if the water is contaminated with sewage that contains the harmful bacteria.

Which of the following， if true， most seriously weakens the argument?

(A) There are many different strains of the E. coli bacteria， and only some of these strains are harmful.

(B) Some types of bacteria found in sewage are neither disease-causing nor difficult to detect directly.

(C) Some of the types of bacteria found in sewage along with E. coli are not harmful to people unless the bacteria are ingested in large quantities.

(D) E. coli dies out much more quickly than some of the more harmful bacteria found in sewage and then can no longer be easily detected.

(E) Some of the types of bacteria found in sewage along with E. coli reproduce at a slower rate than E. coli.

12.The organizers of tomorrow’s outdoor concert announced that it will go on tomorrow on schedule unless bad weather is forecast or too few advance tickets are sold. If the concert is canceled， refunds will be made to ticket holders. Since some ticket holders have already been issued refunds even though more than enough advance tickets were sold， it must be the case that bad weather is forecast.

Which of the following is an error of reasoning con-tained in the argument?

(A) It proceeds as if a condition， which by itself is enough to guarantee a certain result， is the only condition under which that result would occur.

(B) It bases a conclusion that is known to require two conditions on evidence that bears on only one of those conditions.

(C) It explains one event as being caused by another event， even though both events must actually have been caused by some third， unidentified event.

(D) It treats evidence for the absence of one condi-tion under which a circumstance would occur as conclusive evidence that that circumstance will not occur.

(E) Evidence given to support the conclusion actually undermines it.

13. Although the prevailing supposition has been that it is too hot for microorganisms to survive deep below the Earth’s surface， some scientists argue that there are living communities of microorganisms there that have been cut off from surface life for millions of years.These scientists base their argument on the discovery of living microorganisms in samples of material that were taken from holes drilled as deep as 1.74 miles.

The scientists’ argument depends on which of the fol-lowing assumptions?

(A)The microorganisms brought up were of a species that is related to those previously known to science.

(B)No holes have been drilled into the Earth’s surface to a distance deeper than 1.74 miles

(C)The microorganisms did not come from surface soil that came into contact with the drilling equipment.

(D) The stratum from which the samples came has been below the surface of the Earth ever since the Earth came into existence.

(E) The temperature at the bottom of the holes drilled was not significantly hotter than that of the hottest spots on the Earth’s surface.

14. For 20 years all applicants for jobs as technicians at EquipCorp were required to demonstrate that they could operate and repair the machinery that was central to EquipCorp’s manufacturing business. Now， however，that particular machinery is obsolete， and very different machinery fills the central role. Therefore， the old requirement is no longer a useful method for evaluating whether applicants for jobs as technicians at EquipCorp have the skills necessary for the job.

Which of the following， if true， most strengthens the argument?

(A) The machinery that is now obsolete was used by a large number of manufacturing companies before it became obsolete.

(B) Among the people already holding jobs as tech-nicians at Equip Corp， those who are most skillful at operating the new machinery had been some of the least skillful at operating the old machinery

(C) Most people applying for jobs as technicians today have much broader skills than did people applying for jobs as technicians 20 years ago.

(D) The skills required to operate and repair the obsolete machinery are useful in operating and maintaining many other types of machinery at EquipCorp that are not obsolete.(E) Much of the machinery that EquipCorp now uses in manufacturing is very likely to become obsolete within the next 20 years.

参考答案：CBDDBEEBCADB

参考答案：ACBBEEAAECDACB

2014年GRE考试精选练习题(第五套)

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