1. A society’s infant mortality rate is an accepted indicator of that society’s general health status. Even though in some localities in the United States the rate is higher than in many developing countries. In the United States, overall the rate has been steadily declining. This declines does not necessarily indicate, however, that babies in the United States are now, on the average, healthier at birth than they were in the past.

Which one of the following reasons, if true, most strongly supports the claim made above about the implications of the decline?

A. The figure for infant mortality is compiled as an overall rate and thus masks deficiencies in particular localities.

B. Low birth weight is a contributing factor in more than half of the infant deaths in the United States.

C. The United States has been developing and his achieved extremely sophisticated technology for saving premature and low-birth-weight babies, most of whom require extended hospital stays.

D. In eleven states of the United States, the infant mortality rate declined last year.

E. Babies who do not receive adequate attention from a caregiver fail to thrive and so they gain weight slowly.

as the passage suggests, the decline, in the author’s opinion, does not indicate that the babies are healthier than b4.so ,in support of this conclusion ,we must show that though the babies are not healthier but they survive.

A is skeptical about the accuracy of the statistics .

B gives us a piece of irrelevant information.

D is also irrelevant. So is e.

C tells us why unhealthy babies can survive and the death rate declines.

C is the right answer.

2. The public is well aware that high blood cholesterol levels raise the risk of stroke caused by blood clots, but a recent report concludes that people with low blood cholesterol levels are at increased risk of the other lethal type of stroke---cerebral hemorrhage, caused when a brain artery busts. The report suggests that because blood cholesterol plays a vita role in maintaining cell membranes, low blood cholesterol weakens artery walls, making them prone to rupture. The conclusion thus supports a long-standing contention by Japanese researchers that Western diets better protect against cerebral hemorrhage than do non-Western diets.

The argument is based on which one of the following assumption?

A. Western diets are healthier than non-Western diets.

B. Western diets result in higher blood cholesterol levels than do non-Western diets.

C. High blood cholesterol levels preclude the weakening of artery walls.

D. Cerebral hemorrhages are more dangerous than strokes caused by blood clots.

E. People who have low blood pressure are at increased risk of cerebral hemorrhage.

The passage provides us with information of the relationship between stroke and the level of blood cholesterol. but the conclusion is about the relationship between diet and hemorrhage. so there is a gap here. We must find the bridge. Only B, the right answer, closes the gap.

        参考答案：

         B  E

3. Anthropologists assert that cultures advance only when independence replaces dependence---that is, only when imposition by outsiders is replaced by initiative from within. In other words, the natives of a culture are the only ones who can move that culture forward. Non-natives may provide valuable advice, but any imposition of their views threatens independence and thus progress. If one looks at individual schools as separate cultures, therefore, the key to educational progress is obvious:

which one of the following best completes the passage?

A. individual schools must be independent of outside imposition

B. some schools require more independence than others, depending on the initiative of their staffs and students

C. school systems officials must tailor their initiatives for change to each individual school in the system

D. outsiders must be prevented from participation in schools’ efforts to advance

E. the more independent a school is, the more educational progress it will make

答案:A

A可由文中可得到: cultures advance必要条件是 when independence replaces dependence---that is, only when imposition by outsiders is replaced by initiative from within, 而问题问的是: educational progress, 所以根据cultures advance的必要条件可以推出A, Assumption: individual schools as separate cultures

B，C，E无

D错误，因为: Non-natives may provide valuable advice

4. The public in the United States has in the past been conditioned to support a substantial defense budget by the threat of confrontation with the Eastern bloc. Now that that threat is dissolving, along with the Eastern bloc itself, it is doubtful whether the public can be persuaded to support an adequate defense budget.

Which one of the following indicates a weakness in the position expressed above?

A. It presupposes that public opinion can be manipulated indefinitely, without the public’s becoming aware of that manipulation.

B. It refers to past and present events that do not have a causal connection with public support of the budget.

C. It assumes as fact what it seeks to establish by

D. It fails to give any reason for the judgment it reaches.

E. It hinges on the term “adequate”, the precise meaning of which requires reevaluation in the new context.

答案:E

A. 不关题意

B. 错误, causal connection文中有

C. 无

D. 错误, reason文中有

E. 因为在开始文中只提到a substantial defense budget , 而后面却说的是support an adequate defense budget. “adequate”在这里是一个概念很模糊的词,因为很多可以说成adequate,而很少也可以说成adequate, 这主要看被要求的情况.并且public有可能不支持很大数量的defense budget,却有可能支持很小数量的defense budget.

5. Behind the hope that computers can replace teachers is the idea that the student’s understanding of the subject being taught consists in knowing facts and rules, the job of a teacher being to make the facts and rules explicit and convey them to the students, either by practice drills or by coaching. If that were indeed the way the mind works, the teacher could transfer facts and rules to the computer, which could replace the teacher as drillmaster and coach. But since understanding does not consist merely of knowing facts and rules, but of the grasp of the general concepts underlying them, the hope that the computer will eventually replace the teacher is fundamentally misguided.

Which one of the following, if true, would most seriously undermine the author’s conclusion that computers will not eventually be able to replace teachers?

A. Computers are as good as teachers at drilling students on facts and rules.

B. The job of a teacher is to make students understand the general concepts underlying specific facts and rules.

C. It is possible to program computers so that they can teach the understanding of general concepts that underlie specific facts and rules.

D. Because they are not subject to human error, computers are better than teachers at conveying facts and rules.

E. It is not possible for students to develop an understanding of the concepts underlying facts and rules through practice drills and coaching.

答案:C

A. 不是主要的weaken

B. 不关题意

C. 因为Premise: The computers cannot make students to grasp of the general concepts underlying them Conclusion: The computer will not eventually replace the teacher，而C直接补上了这个空缺

D. 不关题意

E. 反，正好支持了作者的观点

6. The mind and the immune system have been shown to be intimately linked, and scientists are consistently finding that doing good deeds benefits one’s immune system. The bone marrow and spleen, which produce the white blood cells needed to fight infection, are both connected by neural pathways to the brain. Recent research as shown that they activity of these white blood cells is stimulated by beneficial chemicals produced by the brain as a result of magnanimous behavior.

The statements above, if true, support the view that

A. good deeds must be based on unselfish motives lack of magnanimity is the cause of most serious illnesses.

B. magnanimous behavior can be regulated by the presence of absence of certain chemicals in the brain.

C. magnanimous behavior can be regulated by the presence or absence of certain chemicals in the brain.

D. magnanimity is beneficial to one’s own interests

E. the number of white blood cells will increase radically if behavior is consistently magnanimous

Reference:

In my view, the reasoning in this argument is that:

magnanimous behaviorà beneficial chemicals produced by the brainà they activity of these white blood cellsà fight infection

So, the correct answer is D.

A is out of scope. Because unselfish motives is not mentioned in this argument.

B and C have the same mistake. From the above reasoning , it is clear that because of magnanimous behavior, some beneficial chemicals were produced by the brain. But the statement of B and C fail to convince us that magnanimous behavior can be regulated by the presence of absence of certain chemicals in the brain.

E is out of scope. The argument fails to establish the casual relationship between the number of white blood and the rate of magnanimous behavior.

7. To become an expert on a musical instrument, a person must practice. If a person practice a musical instrument for three hours each day, they will eventually become expert on that instrument. Therefore, if a person is an expert on a musical instrument, that person must have practiced for at least three hours each day.

Which one of the following most accurately describes a flaw in the reasoning above?

A. The conclusion fails to take into account that people who practice for three hours every day might not yet have reached a degree of proficiency that everyone would consider expert.

B. The conclusion fails to take into account that practicing for less than three hours each day may be enough for some people to become experts.

C. the conclusion fails to take into account that if a person has not practiced for at least three hours a day, the person has not become an expert.

D. The conclusion fails to take into account that three consecutive hours of daily practice is not recommended by all music teachers.

E. The conclusion fails to take into account that few people have the spare time necessary to devote three hours daily to practice.

Reference:

In my view, the reasoning in this argument is that:

a person practice a musical instrument for three hours each dayà they will eventually become expert

Under this circumstance , it is obvious that the fact that a person practice a musical instrument for three hours each day is sufficient to reach the sound conclusion that they will eventually become expert on that instrument. But this fact is not the necessary factor relevant to the conclusion that they will eventually become expert on that instrument.

After this analysis, we can make clear the logical flaw in this argument.

a person is an expert on a musical instrumentà person must have practiced for at least three hours each day

So, we can easily find the correct answer is B.