1. a long held view of the history of the English colonies that became the United States has been that England ‘s policy toward these colonies before 1763 was dictated by commercial interests and that a change to a more imperial policy, dominated by expansionist militarist objectives, generated the tensions that ultimately led to the American Revolution.

有关那些最终变成了美国的英属殖民地的历史，一个长期被坚持的观点是，英国在1763年之前对这些殖民地的政策一直受着商业利益的支配，而向着一种更为****的宗主国政策的转折，以扩张主义军事目标为主导，造成了种种矛盾，并最终导致了美国独立战争。

2. The common belief of some linguists that each language is a perfect vehicle for the thoughts of the nation speaking it is in some ways the exact counterpart of the conviction of the Manchester school of economics that supply and demand will regulate everything for the best.

某些语言学家的一种普遍信念是，每种语言都是一个载体，可用来完美地表达操该种语言的民族的思想。在某种程度上，这一语言学思想与曼彻斯特经济学派所坚信的观点如出一辙，构成了一种决然的对等理论。该经济学派认为，供求关系制约着一切并使一切趋势于最佳状态。

3. It was not the change in office technology, but rather the separation of secretarial work, previously seen as an apprenticeship for beginning managers, from administrative work that in the 1880s created a new class of “dead-end ” jobs, thenceforth considered “women’s work”.

倒不是办公室技术的进步， 而是原来被视为见习经历的职位的秘书工作与管理工作的分离，在19世纪80年代产生了一种新的“死胡同”工作，这种工作从那以后就被认为是妇女的工作。

4.To fight ourselves for what we are daily robbing and plundering from those who have as good a right to freedom as we have.

我们所为之奋斗的，恰好就是我们每日从他人身上掠夺和抢劫的东西，而这些人却同我们一样，对自由享受着同等充分的权利。

5. Such large, impersonal manipulation of capital and industry greatly increased the numbers and importance of shareholders as a class , an element in national life representing irresponsible wealth detached from the land and the duties of the landowners; and almost equally detached from the responsible management of business.

对资本和企业的这种大规模的非个人操纵大大增加了股东作为一个阶级的数量和重要性。这个阶层作为国计民生的一部分，代表了非个人责任的财富与土地及土地所有者应尽义务的分离，而且也几乎与责任管理相分离。

6. She wished to discard the traditional methods and established vocabularies of such dance forms as ballet and to explore the internal sources of human expressiveness.

她希望抛弃传统的方法和像在芭蕾舞这样的舞蹈形式中已经确立的舞蹈语言，并希望去探索人类表现力的内在源泉。