Some modern anthropologists hold that biological evolution has shaped not only human morphology but also human behavior.
The role those anthropologists ascribe to evolution is not of dictating the details of human behavior but one of imposing constraints — ways of feeling, thinking, and acting that ― come naturally‖ in archetypal situations in any culture.
Our “frailties” – emotions and motives such as rage, fear, greed, gluttony, joy, lust, love — may be a very mixed assortment, but they share at least one immediate quality: we are, as we say, “in the grip” of them.
And thus they give us our sense of constraints.
Unhappily, some of those frailties — our need for ever-increasing security among them — are presently maladaptive.
Yet beneath the overlay of cultural detail, they, too, are said to be biological in direction, and therefore as natural to us as are our appendixes.
We would need to comprehend thoroughly their adaptive origins in order to understand how badly they guide us now. And we might then begin to resist their pressure.
1. Which of the following most probably provides an appropriate analogy from human morphology for the “details” versus “constraints” distinction made in the passage in relation to human behavior?
(A) The ability of most people to see all the colors of the visible spectrum as against most people‘s inability to name any but the primary colors
(B) The ability of even the least fortunate people to show compassion as against people‘s inability to mask their feelings completely
(C) The ability of some people to dive to great depths as against most people‘s inability to swim long distances
(D) The psychological profile of those people who are able to delay gratification as against people‘s inability to control their lives completely
(E) The greater lung capacity of mountain peoples that helps them live in oxygen-poor air as against people‘s inability to fly without special apparatus
2. It can be inferred that in his discussion of maladaptive frailties the author assumes that
(A) evolution does not favor the emergence of adaptive characteristics over the emergence of maladaptive ones
(B) any structure or behavior not positively adaptive is regarded as transitory in evolutionary theory
(C) maladaptive characteristics, once fixed, make the emergence of other maladaptive characteristics more likely
(D) the designation of a characteristic as being maladaptive must always remain highly tentative
(E) changes in the total human environment can outpace evolutionary change
P2
The molecules of carbon dioxide in the Earth‘s atmosphere affect the heat balance of the Earth by acting as a one-way screen.
Although these molecules allow radiation at visible wavelengths, where most of the energy of sunlight is concentrated, to pass through, they absorb some of the longer-wavelength, infrared emissions radiated from the Earth‘s surface, radiation that would otherwise be transmitted back into space.
For the Earth to maintain a constant aver age temperature, such emissions from the planet must balance incoming solar radiation.
If there were no car-bon dioxide in the atmosphere, heat would escape from the Earth much more easily.
The surface temperature would be so much lower that the oceans might be a solid mass of ice. (120 words)
3. According to the passage, the greatest part of the solar energy that reaches the Earth is
(A) concentrated in the infrared spectrum
(B) concentrated at visible wavelengths
(C) absorbed by carbon dioxide molecules
(D) absorbed by atmospheric water vapor
(E) reflected back to space by snow and ice
For the following question, consider each of the choices separately and select all that apply
4. According to the passage, atmospheric carbon dioxide performs which of the following functions
□A absorbing radiation at visible wavelengths
□B absorbing outgoing radiation from the Earth
□C helping to retain heat near the Earth‘s surface
P3
Initially the Vinaver theory that Malory‘s eight romances, once thought to be fundamentally unified, were in fact eight independent works produced both a sense of relief and an unpleasant shock.
Vinaver‘s theory comfortably explained away the apparent contradictions of chronology and made each romance independently satisfying.
It was, however, disagreeable to find that what had been thought of as one book was now eight books.
Part of this response was the natural reaction to the disturbance of set ideas.
Nevertheless, even now, after lengthy consideration of the theory‘s refined but legitimate observations, one cannot avoid the conclusion that the eight romances are only one work.
It is not quite a matter of disagreeing with the theory of independence, but of rejecting its implications: that the romances may be taken in any or no particular order, that they have no cumulative effect, and that they are as separate as the works of a modern novelist. (154 words)
For the following question, consider each of the choices separately and select all that apply
5. It can be inferred from the passage that the author believes which of the following about Malory‘s works?
□A There are meaningful links between and among the romances.
□B The subtleties of the romances are obscured when they are taken as one work.
□C Any contradictions in chronology among the romances are less important than their overall unity.
6. The author of the passage concedes which of the following about the Vinaver theory?
(A) It gives a clearer understanding of the unity of Malory‘s romances.
(B) It demonstrates the irrationality of considering Malory‘s romances to be unified.
(C) It establishes acceptable links between Malory‘s romances and modern novels.
(D) It unifies earlier and later theories concerning the chronology of Malory‘s romances.
(E) It makes valid and subtle comments about Malory‘s romances.
7. It can be inferred from the passage that, in evaluating the Vinaver theory, some critics were
(A) frequently misled by the inconsistencies in Malory‘s work
(B) initially biased by previous interpretations of Malory‘s work
(C) conceptually displeased by the general interpretation that Vinaver rejected
(D) generally in agreement with Vinaver‘s comparisons between Malory and modern novelists
(E) originally skeptical about Vinaver‘s early conclusions with respect to modern novels
P1
1
Some modern anthropologists hold that biological evolution has shaped not only human morphology but also human behavior.
一些现代人类学者认为，生物进化塑造了人类形态，同时也包括人类行为。
2
The role those anthropologists ascribe to evolution is not of dictating the details of human behavior but one of imposing constraints — ways of feeling, thinking, and acting that “come naturally” in archetypal situations in any culture.
这些学者认为进化的作用不在于控制人类行为的细节，而在于施加一些约束 —— 在每种文化的典型情境中“自然显露出来的”感知，思维和行为方式。
3
Our “frailties” – emotions and motives such as rage, fear, greed, gluttony, joy, lust, love — may be a very mixed assortment, but they share at least one immediate quality: we are, as we say, “in the grip” of them.
我们的“弱点” —— 诸如愤怒，恐惧，贪婪，放纵饮食，醉心娱乐，情欲爱欲等情感和动机 —— 可能非常多样彼此混杂，但至少它们有一个共同点： 正如我们自己说的，我们“受制于”它们。
4
And thus they give us our sense of constraints.
所以我们感到受约束。
5
Unhappily, some of those frailties — our need for ever-increasing security among them — are presently maladaptive.
不幸的是，某些弱点 —— (比如)我们要满足不断增加的(越来越难以满足)安全感 —— 现在使我们难以适应。
6
Yet beneath the overlay of cultural detail, they, too, are said to be biological in direction, and therefore as natural to us as are our appendixes.
然而当这些弱点被置于文化环境中，据称也显示出遗传性，因此这些弱点天然地存在于每个人如同阑尾。
7
We would need to comprehend thoroughly their adaptive origins in order to understand how badly they guide us now. And we might then begin to resist their pressure.
我们需要彻底地理解它们的适应性起源，以理解它们如何如此强烈地控制我们。 也许就可以克服这些压力。
1. Which of the following most probably provides an appropriate analogy from human morphology for the “details” versus “constraints” distinction made in the passage in relation to human behavior?
(A) The ability of most people to see all the colors of the visible spectrum as against most people‘s inability to name any but the primary colors
(B) The ability of even the least fortunate people to show compassion as against people‘s inability to mask their feelings completely
(C) The ability of some people to dive to great depths as against most people‘s inability to swim long distances
(D) The psychological profile of those people who are able to delay gratification as against people‘s inability to control their lives completely
(E) The greater lung capacity of mountain peoples that helps them live in oxygen-poor air as against people‘s inability to fly without special apparatus
选E
难题。
注意题干，从人类形态的角度(human morphology)提供关于“细节”和“限制”的恰当类比，从这个标准考察各选项：
A、B、C 都是某种 ability 与 inability 的对比，与人体构造的细节无关;
D 先解释下 delay gratification “满足延宕”，大概就是为了获得更大的利益，暂时放弃或延迟满足的一种行为;能够 “延迟享受” 的人的心理侧写(大概相当于心理分析)vs 完全不能控制自己的人。也不是细节与限制的类比。
E 缺氧山区的居民的肺活量更大，是一种身体构造差异的细节;人不借助特别的设备就不能飞，限制。符合题干。
2. It can be inferred that in his discussion of maladaptive frailties the author assumes that
(A) evolution does not favor the emergence of adaptive characteristics over the emergence of maladaptive ones
(B) any structure or behavior not positively adaptive is regarded as transitory in evolutionary theory
(C) maladaptive characteristics, once fixed, make the emergence of other maladaptive characteristics more likely
(D) the designation of a characteristic as being maladaptive must always remain highly tentative
(E) changes in the total human environment can outpace evolutionary change
选E
句 6 把这些 maladaptive frailties 类比为阑尾，阑尾以前是有益于人类的生理构造，而现在来看，阑尾的益处显然比它可能带来的危险要小，只能说明人类的生存环境的变化速度过快，超越了进化本身的反应速度。
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