P1
It is a popular misconception that nuclear fusion power is free of radioactivity; in fact, the deuterium-tritium reaction that nuclear scientists are currently exploring with such zeal produces both alpha particles and neutrons.(The neutrons are used to produce tritium from a lithium blanket surrounding the reactor.)
Another common misconception is that nuclear fusion power is a virtually unlimited source of energy because of the enormous quantity of deuterium in the sea.
Actually, its limits are set by the amount of available lithium, which is about as plentiful as uranium in the Earth‘s crust. Research should certainly continue on controlled nuclear fusion, but no energy program should be premised on its existence until it has (been) proven practical. (122 words)
1. It can be inferred from the passage that the author believes which of the following about the current state of public awareness concerning nuclear fusion power?
(A) The public has been deliberately misinformed about the advantages and disadvantages of nuclear fusion power.
(B) The public is unaware of the principal advantage of nuclear fusion over nuclear fussion as an energy source.
(C) The public‘s awareness of the scientific facts concerning nuclear fusion power is somewhat distorted and incomplete.
(D) The public is not interested in increasing its awareness of the advantages and disadvantages of nuclear fusion power.
(E) The public is aware of the disadvantages of nuclear fusion power but not of its advantages.
For the following question, consider each of the choices separately and select all that apply
2. The passage provides information that would answer which of the following questions EXCEPT?
□A How much incidental radiation is produced in the deuterium tritium fusion reaction?
□B What is likely to be the principal source of deuterium for nuclear fusion power?
□C Why are scientists exploring the deuterium-tritium fusion reaction with such zeal?
P2
Roger Rosenblatt‘s book Black Fiction, in attempting to apply literary rather than sociopolitical criteria to its subject, successfully alters the approach taken by most previous studies.
As Rosenblatt notes, criticism of Black writing has often served as a pretext for expounding on Black history.
Addison Gayle‘s recent work, for example, judges the value of Black fiction by overtly political standards, rating each work according to the notions of Black identity which it propounds.
Although fiction assuredly springs from political circumstances, its authors react to those circumstances in ways other than ideological, and talking about novels and stories primarily as instruments of ideology circumvents much of the fictional enterprise.
Rosenblatt‘s literary analysis discloses affinities and connections among works of Black fiction which solely political studies have overlooked or ignored.
Writing acceptable criticism of Black fiction, however, presupposes giving satisfactory answers to a number of questions.
First of all, is there a sufficient reason, other than the racial identity of the authors, to group together works by Black authors?
Second, how does Black fiction make itself distinct from other modern fiction with which it is largely contemporaneous?
Rosenblatt shows that Black fiction constitutes a distinct body of writing that has an identifiable, coherent literary tradition.
Looking at novels written by Blacks over the last eighty years, he discovers recurring concerns and designs independent of chronology.
These structures are thematic, and they spring, not surprisingly, from the central fact that the Black characters in these novels exist in a predominantly White culture, whether they try to conform to that culture or rebel against it.
Black Fiction does leave some aesthetic questions open.
Rosenblatt‘s thematic analysis permits considerable objectivity; he even explicitly states that it is not his intention to judge the merit of the various works—yet his reluctance seems misplaced, especially since an attempt to appraise might have led to interesting results.
For instance, some of the novels appear to be structurally diffuse. Is this a defect, or are the authors working out of, or trying to forge, a different kind of aesthetic?
In addition, the style of some Black novels, like Jean Toomer‘s Cane, verges on expressionism or surrealism; does this technique provide a counterpoint to the prevalent theme that portrays the fate against which Black heroes are pitted, a theme usually conveyed by more naturalistic modes of expression?
In spite of such omissions, what Rosenblatt does include in his discussion makes for an astute and worthwhile study.
Black Fiction surveys a wide variety of novels, bringing to our attention in the process some fascinating and little-known works like James Weldon Johnson‘s Autobiography of an Ex-Colored Man.
Its argument is tightly constructed, and its forthright, lucid style exemplifies levelheaded and penetrating criticism.
3. The author of the passage objects to criticism of Black fiction like that by Addison Gayle because it
(A) emphasizes purely literary aspects of such fiction
(B) misinterprets the ideological content of such fiction
(C) misunderstands the notions of Black identity contained in such fiction
(D) substitutes political for literary criteria in evaluating such fiction
(E) ignores the interplay between Black history and Black identity displayed in such fiction
4. The author of the passage is primarily concerned with
(A) evaluating the soundness of a work of criticism
(B) comparing various critical approaches to a subject
(C) discussing the limitations of a particular kind of criticism
(D) summarizing the major points made in a work of criticism
(E) explaining the theoretical background of a certain kind of criticism
5. The author of the passage believes that Black Fiction would have been improved had Rosenblatt
(A) evaluated more carefully the ideological and historical aspects of Black fiction
(B) attempted to be more objective in his approach to novels and stories by Black authors
(C) explored in greater detail the recurrent thematic concerns of Black fiction throughout its history
(D) established a basis for placing Black fiction within its own unique literary tradition
(E) assessed the relative literary merit of the novels he analyzes thematically
6. The author of the passage refers to James Weldon Johnson‘s Autobiography of an Ex-Colored Man most probably in order to
(A) point out affinities between Rosenblatt‘s method of thematic analysis and earlier criticism
(B) clarify the point about expressionistic style made earlier in the passage
(C) qualify the assessment of Rosenblatt‘s book made in the first paragraph of the passage
(D) illustrate the affinities among Black novels disclosed by Rosenblatt‘s literary analysis
(E) give a specific example of one of the accomplishments of Rosenblatt‘s work
P3
The transfer of heat and water vapor from the ocean to the air above it depends on a disequilibrium at the interface of the water and the air.
Within about a millimeter of the water, air temperature is close to that of the surface water, and the air is nearly saturated with water vapor.
But the differences, however small, are crucial, and the disequilibrium is maintained by air near the surface mixing with air higher up, which is typically appreciably cooler and lower in water-vapor content.
The air is mixed by means of turbulence that depends on the wind for its energy.
As wind speed increases, so does turbulence, and thus the rate of heat and moisture transfer.
Detailed understanding of this phenomenon awaits further study. (127 words)
For the following question, consider each of the choices separately and select all that apply
7. According to the passage, wind over the ocean generally does which of the following?
□A Causes relatively cool, dry air to come into proximity with the ocean surface.
□B Maintains a steady rate of heat and moisture transfer between the ocean and the air.
□C Causes frequent changes in the temperature of the water at the ocean‘s surface.
8. The passage suggests that if on a certain day the wind were to decrease until there was no wind at all which of the following would occur?
(A) The air closest to the ocean surface would become saturated with water vapor.
(B) The air closest to the ocean surface would be warmer than the water.
(C) The amount of moisture in the air closest to the ocean surface would decrease.
(D) The rate of heat and moisture transfer would increase.
(E) The air closest to the ocean would be at the same temperature as air higher up.
P4
“I want to criticize the social system, and to show it at work, at its most intense.”
Virginia Woolf‘s provocative statement about her intentions in writing Mrs. Dalloway has regularly been ignored by the critics, since it highlights an aspect of her literary interests very different from the traditional picture of the “poetic” novelist concerned with examining states of reverie and vision and with following the intricate pathways of individual consciousness.
But Virginia Woolf was a realist as well as a poetic novelist, a satirist and social critic as well as a visionary: literary critics‘ cavalier dismissal of Woolf‘s social vision will not withstand scrutiny.
In her novels, Woolf is deeply engaged by the questions of how individuals are shaped (or deformed) by their social environments, how historical forces impinge on people‘s lives, how class, wealth, and gender help to determine people‘s fates.
Most of her novels are rooted in a realistically rendered social setting and in a precise historical time. (163 words)
9. In the first paragraph of the passage, the author‘s attitude toward the literary critics mentioned can best be described as
(A) disparaging
(B) ironic
(C) facetious
(D) skeptical but resigned
(E) disappointed but hopeful
10. It can be inferred from the passage that the most probable reason Woolf realistically described the social setting in the majority of her novels was that she
(A) was aware that contemporary literary critics considered the novel to be the most realistic of literary genres
(B) was interested in the effect of a person‘s social milieu on his or her character and actions
(C) needed to be as attentive to detail as possible in her novels in order to support the arguments she advanced in them
(D) wanted to show that a painstaking fidelity in the representation of reality did not in any way hamper the artist
(E) wished to prevent critics from charging that her novels were written in an ambiguous and inexact style
11. In the context of the passage, “poetic” is closest in meaning to
(A) socioeconomic
(B) realistic
(C) political
(D) visionary
(E) literary
P1
1
It is a popular misconception that nuclear fusion power is free of radioactivity; in fact, the deuterium-tritium reaction that nuclear scientists are currently exploring with such zeal produces both alpha particles and neutrons.(The neutrons are used to produce tritium from a lithium blanket surrounding the reactor.)
一个广为流传的误解，是核聚变能源不具备放射性;实际上，当下核科学的热门研究领域氘氚反应，会同时释放阿尔法粒子和中子。(中子来自于包裹核反应堆的锂层，用于制取氘)
2
Another common misconception is that nuclear fusion power is a virtually unlimited source of energy because of the enormous quantity of deuterium in the sea.
核聚变能源取之不尽，这是另一个普遍的误解，理由是海洋中蕴含了不可计数量的氘。
3
Actually, its limits are set by the amount of available lithium, which is about as plentiful as uranium in the Earth‘s crust.
其实，限制在于我们能获得多少锂，锂的含量大致与地壳中的铀含量相当。
4
Research should certainly continue on controlled nuclear fusion, but no energy program should be premised on its existence until it has (been) proven practical. (122 words)
关于可控核聚变的研究当然该继续，但任何能源项目在证实可实际操作前，都不该仓促上马。
(
premise 此句中做 postulate “假设”解释。
practical 切合实际的，此句中可以意译地理解为“安全可行的”。
比较直接的翻译是，……没有证明核能项目安全可行之前，任何项目都不该假设它存在。
我怀疑原文少了一个 been ，认为除非加上否则不通，虽然所有网上我查到的来源都没有这个 been 。如果你有更好的解释，或提出关于文本及翻译的其他错漏，请留言给我，愿一起努力打造一个质量更高的注释集。
)
1. It can be inferred from the passage that the author believes which of the following about the current state of public awareness concerning nuclear fusion power?
(A) The public has been deliberately misinformed about the advantages and disadvantages of nuclear fusion power.
(B) The public is unaware of the principal advantage of nuclear fusion over nuclear fussion as an energy source.
(C) The public‘s awareness of the scientific facts concerning nuclear fusion power is somewhat distorted and incomplete.
(D) The public is not interested in increasing its awareness of the advantages and disadvantages of nuclear fusion power.
(E) The public is aware of the disadvantages of nuclear fusion power but not of its advantages.
选C
A 实在看不出公众是故意去误解的，deliberately，不选;
B “公众忽视了核聚变作为一种能源的主要优点”，文中只说两种误解，没说什么主要优点，不选;
C 正确项，公众关于核聚变能的一些科学事实的看法是扭曲和不完整的(误解);
D 有没有 interested 或 increasing ，无从判断，不选;
E 啊，让人疲劳的瞎聊。
For the following question, consider each of the choices separately and select all that apply
2. The passage provides information that would answer which of the following questions EXCEPT?
□A How much incidental radiation is produced in the deuterium tritium fusion reaction?
□B What is likely to be the principal source of deuterium for nuclear fusion power?
□C Why are scientists exploring the deuterium-tritium fusion reaction with such zeal?
选AC
只有 B 项提出的问题可以用文中明确指出的信息回答，句2，“海洋中的氘”。所以选AC。
P2
1
Roger Rosenblatt‘s book Black Fiction, in attempting to apply literary rather than sociopolitical criteria to its subject, successfully alters the approach taken by most previous studies.
RR的书《B F 》，试图运用文学标准而不是社会zz的标准去评价它的研究对象，成功地改变了之前的研究方法。
2
As Rosenblatt notes, criticism of Black writing has often served as a pretext for expounding on Black history.
R表示，许多所谓的关于黑人写作的评论，实际上关注的是黑人历史。
(
Black 大写做形容词时，“黑人(人种)的”，可以指非洲黑人，或移居北美的非洲黑人及其后代组成的黑人群体。
pretext 借口，托词。
“对于黑人写作的评论，经常作为详述黑人历史的借口” ，意译一下，有些研究表面上是在讨论黑人写作，其实黑人写作只是幌子(借口，pretext)，真正要探讨的问题是关于黑人历史的。
)
3
Addison Gayle‘s recent work, for example, judges the value of Black fiction by overtly political standards, rating each work according to the notions of Black identity which it propounds.
比如说，AG最近的研究，用过度zz化的标准评判黑人小说的价值，根据每部作品所讨论的黑人身份概念来评价其价值。
4
Although fiction assuredly springs from political circumstances, its authors react to those circumstances in ways other than ideological, and talking about novels and stories primarily as instruments of ideology circumvents much of the fictional enterprise.
小说当然脱胎于zz环境，但作者回应环境却并非遵循意识形态化的方式，一旦讲述新奇故事成为意识形态宣传的工具，就制约了小说的发展。
5
Rosenblatt‘s literary analysis discloses affinities and connections among works of Black fiction which solely political studies have overlooked or ignored.
R的文学分析解释了黑人小说作品间的相似与联系，单纯的zz研究往往忽略这些内容。
6
Writing acceptable criticism of Black fiction, however, presupposes giving satisfactory answers to a number of questions.
然而，想要写出令人满意的黑人小说评论，意味着针对一系列问题给出令人满意的答案。
7
First of all, is there a sufficient reason, other than the racial identity of the authors, to group together works by Black authors?
首先，抛开作者们相同的种族，有其他充分的理由将黑人小说归为一类吗?
8
Second, how does Black fiction make itself distinct from other modern fiction with which it is largely contemporaneous?
第二，相较于其他同时代的现代小说类型，黑人小说的独特之处是什么?
9
Rosenblatt shows that Black fiction constitutes a distinct body of writing that has an identifiable, coherent literary tradition.
R展示了黑人小说所组成的一个特别的文学体系，该体系具有的一种可识别的，条理分明的文学传统。
10
Looking at novels written by Blacks over the last eighty years, he discovers recurring concerns and designs independent of chronology.
仔细研究了过去80年的黑人小说，R发现了一些与年代无关的反复出现的关注点和设计。
11
These structures are thematic, and they spring, not surprisingly, from the central fact that the Black characters in these novels exist in a predominantly White culture, whether they try to conform to that culture or rebel against it.
这些结构是关乎主题的，而且都不出人意料地，发端于这样一个核心事实，小说中的黑人角色都出现在一个白人主导的文化中，无论他们尝试适应这种文化或与之对抗。
12
Black Fiction does leave some aesthetic questions open.
《B F 》还有一些美学问题没有回答。
13
Rosenblatt‘s thematic analysis permits considerable objectivity; he even explicitly states that it is not his intention to judge the merit of the various works—yet his reluctance seems misplaced, especially since an attempt to appraise might have led to interesting results.
R的主题分析表现出相当的客观性;他甚至明确表示他无意评判不同作品的价值——尽管他的保留似乎没有必要，特别是既然评价的尝试可能引发有趣的结果。
14
For instance, some of the novels appear to be structurally diffuse. Is this a defect, or are the authors working out of, or trying to forge, a different kind of aesthetic?
比如说，某些小说的看似结构散乱。这是一种缺陷吗，还是作者刻意为之，抑或尝试伪造一种不同的美学标准?
15
In addition, the style of some Black novels, like Jean Toomer‘s Cane, verges on expressionism or surrealism; does this technique provide a counterpoint to the prevalent theme that portrays the fate against which Black heroes are pitted, a theme usually conveyed by more naturalistic modes of expression?
另外，一些黑人小说的风格，比如JTC，非常接近表现主义或超自然主义;该技巧是否提供了一种对照，相较于最流行的描述黑人英雄对抗命运的主题，一种经常通过更自然主义的表达方式传递的主题?
16
In spite of such omissions, what Rosenblatt does include in his discussion makes for an astute and worthwhile study.
尽管存在诸如此类的种种遗漏，R已完成的讨论确实是敏锐的又有价值的研究。
17
Black Fiction surveys a wide variety of novels, bringing to our attention in the process some fascinating and little-known works like James Weldon Johnson‘s Autobiography of an Ex-Colored Man.
《B F 》全面研究了相当多的小说，讨论过程中使我们注意到一些少有问津的迷人作品，比如 JWJ 的《AoaECM 》。
18
Its argument is tightly constructed, and its forthright, lucid style exemplifies levelheaded and penetrating criticism.
它的观点结构严密，作者直截了当、简明易读的风格，堪称条理清晰，深刻敏锐的典范。
3. The author of the passage objects to criticism of Black fiction like that by Addison Gayle because it
(A) emphasizes purely literary aspects of such fiction
(B) misinterprets the ideological content of such fiction
(C) misunderstands the notions of Black identity contained in such fiction
(D) substitutes political for literary criteria in evaluating such fiction
(E) ignores the interplay between Black history and Black identity displayed in such fiction
选D
作者反对AG那种黑人小说评论的理由是：D项，用zz标准取代了文学标准，见句 2-5 。
4. The author of the passage is primarily concerned with
(A) evaluating the soundness of a work of criticism
(B) comparing various critical approaches to a subject
(C) discussing the limitations of a particular kind of criticism
(D) summarizing the major points made in a work of criticism
(E) explaining the theoretical background of a certain kind of criticism
选A
A 评估一种文学评论作品的严谨恰当与否
B 比较关于某一研究对象的不同评论方法
C 讨论某特定类型的批评的局限
D 概要地介绍某评论作品的主要观点
E 解释某特定类型评论的理论背景
整体来看，作者一直在论述R的批评如何成立，兼论怎么做会更好，所以选A。
5. The author of the passage believes that Black Fiction would have been improved had Rosenblatt
(A) evaluated more carefully the ideological and historical aspects of Black fiction
(B) attempted to be more objective in his approach to novels and stories by Black authors
(C) explored in greater detail the recurrent thematic concerns of Black fiction throughout its history
(D) established a basis for placing Black fiction within its own unique literary tradition
(E) assessed the relative literary merit of the novels he analyzes thematically
选E
“在分析作品主题时，(也一并)评估相关作品的文学价值”，见句13-16。
(
说句题外话，我认为文段的作者的这种态度，就是鸡蛋里挑骨头，一种评论之所以成立，就是因为它已经成立的部分，如同一本小说好就因为它好的地方，说什么“如果怎样怎样就更好了”是没有任何意义的，是站着说话不腰疼的，既然作者有那么多文学批评的建设理想，何不自己写出来。
)
6. The author of the passage refers to James Weldon Johnson‘s Autobiography of an Ex-Colored Man most probably in order to
(A) point out affinities between Rosenblatt‘s method of thematic analysis and earlier criticism
(B) clarify the point about expressionistic style made earlier in the passage
(C) qualify the assessment of Rosenblatt‘s book made in the first paragraph of the passage
(D) illustrate the affinities among Black novels disclosed by Rosenblatt‘s literary analysis
(E) give a specific example of one of the accomplishments of Rosenblatt‘s work
选E
“举例说明R的研究的一项成就”，见句17，所谓 accomplishment 就是使我们注意到一些以前没人知道的好作品。
P3
1
The transfer of heat and water vapor from the ocean to the air above it depends on a disequilibrium at the interface of the water and the air.
海洋与洋面上方空气存在一种热能与水蒸气的转移，这种转移取决于水与空气结合面的一种不平衡。
2
Within about a millimeter of the water, air temperature is close to that of the surface water, and the air is nearly saturated with water vapor.
水面以上一厘米左右的空气，温度接近于水面，水蒸气也几乎达到了饱和。
3
But the differences, however small, are crucial, and the disequilibrium is maintained by air near the surface mixing with air higher up, which is typically appreciably cooler and lower in water-vapor content.
这种差别尽管很小，却是至关重要的，而水面空气与更上方空气的混合，维持了这种不平衡状态，显然不难理解，上方的空气更冷，更干燥。
4
The air is mixed by means of turbulence that depends on the wind for its energy.
不同强度的风造成了不同程度的扰动，使空气得以混合。
5
As wind speed increases, so does turbulence, and thus the rate of heat and moisture transfer.
随着风速增加，扰动也变得更强烈，因此热量和湿度的比例得以转移。
6
Detailed understanding of this phenomenon awaits further study. (127 words)
这种现象的详细解释，需要更多研究。
For the following question, consider each of the choices separately and select all that apply
7. According to the passage, wind over the ocean generally does which of the following?
□A Causes relatively cool, dry air to come into proximity with the ocean surface.
□B Maintains a steady rate of heat and moisture transfer between the ocean and the air.
□C Causes frequent changes in the temperature of the water at the ocean‘s surface.
选A
A “使相对更冷，干燥的空气得以接近洋面”，正确项。
B 错在不是steady的。
C 相当似是而非的干扰项，文中信息不足以得出这个结论。
8. The passage suggests that if on a certain day the wind were to decrease until there was no wind at all which of the following would occur?
(A) The air closest to the ocean surface would become saturated with water vapor.
(B) The air closest to the ocean surface would be warmer than the water.
(C) The amount of moisture in the air closest to the ocean surface would decrease.
(D) The rate of heat and moisture transfer would increase.
(E) The air closest to the ocean would be at the same temperature as air higher up.
选A
A "最接近洋面的空气会达到水蒸气饱和"，正确，见句 2 。
B “最接近洋面的空气温度会高于水体”，高过水就见鬼了。
C 湿度不会降低，因为没有风，没有与上层空气的交换，湿度会一直维持在接近饱和的状态。
D 疯话。
E 根据句 3 的信息判断，上方空气较冷。
P4
1
“I want to criticize the social system, and to show it at work, at its most intense.”
“我要批判整个社会体系，展示它最忙碌的一面，最极端的一面。”
(at work (日常事务的)忙碌状态。)
2
Virginia Woolf‘s provocative statement about her intentions in writing Mrs. Dalloway has regularly been ignored by the critics, since it highlights an aspect of her literary interests very different from the traditional picture of the “poetic” novelist concerned with examining states of reverie and vision and with following the intricate pathways of individual consciousness.
吴尔芙这种，在解释《黛洛维夫人》创作意图时所表达的引起争论的说法，通常没什么批评家重视，因为它强调了吴尔芙文学趣味中非常不同的一面，不同于传统意义上对“充满诗意的”小说家的印象，后者关注对幻想状态的研究和遵从个人意识的复杂路径。
3
But Virginia Woolf was a realist as well as a poetic novelist, a satirist and social critic as well as a visionary: literary critics‘ cavalier dismissal of Woolf‘s social vision will not withstand scrutiny.
但弗吉尼亚·吴尔芙作为一个诗意小说家同时也是一个现实主义作家，空想家同时也是讽刺作家和社会批评家：文学评论家们对吴尔芙社会视野的轻慢忽视是禁不起推敲的。
4
In her novels, Woolf is deeply engaged by the questions of how individuals are shaped (or deformed) by their social environments, how historical forces impinge on people‘s lives, how class, wealth, and gender help to determine people‘s fates.
在小说中，沃尔夫总是深深沉浸于 社会环境如何塑造(或扭曲)个人，历史如何影响人们的生活，阶级、财富和性别如何决定人物命运 等问题。
5
Most of her novels are rooted in a realistically rendered social setting and in a precise historical time. (163 words)
她的多数小说都基于某种现实的社会处境，处于精确的历史时期。
9. In the first paragraph of the passage, the author‘s attitude toward the literary critics mentioned can best be described as
(A) disparaging
(B) ironic
(C) facetious
(D) skeptical but resigned
(E) disappointed but hopeful
选A
A 轻蔑的，藐视的
B 反讽的
C 滑稽的
D 怀疑但顺从的
E 失望但抱有希望的
就个人判断来说，我认为作者对于那些忽略吴尔芙现实主义视角的评论家的态度是“不认同，反对”，不过选项中没有这种态度，所以也只能选一个比较接近的。
10. It can be inferred from the passage that the most probable reason Woolf realistically described the social setting in the majority of her novels was that she
(A) was aware that contemporary literary critics considered the novel to be the most realistic of literary genres
(B) was interested in the effect of a person‘s social milieu on his or her character and actions
(C) needed to be as attentive to detail as possible in her novels in order to support the arguments she advanced in them
(D) wanted to show that a painstaking fidelity in the representation of reality did not in any way hamper the artist
(E) wished to prevent critics from charging that her novels were written in an ambiguous and inexact style
选B
一定要注意根据文中信息判断 it can be inferred from the passage，见句 4 。
11. In the context of the passage, “poetic” is closest in meaning to
(A) socioeconomic
(B) realistic
(C) political
(D) visionary
(E) literary
选D
A 社会经济的 B 现实的 C zz的 D 幻想的 E 文学的
尽量确保做对这种题目。
