P1
Heat pumps circulate a fluid refrigerant that cycles alternatively from its liquid phase to its vapor phase in a closed loop.
The refrigerant, starting as a low-temperature, low-pressure vapor, enters a compressor driven by an electric motor.
The refrigerant leaves the compressor as a hot, dense vapor and flows through a heat exchanger called the condenser, which transfers heat from the refrigerant to a body of air.
Now the refrigerant, as a high-pressure, cooled liquid, confronts a flow restriction which causes the pressure to drop.
As the pressure falls, the refrigerant expands and partially vaporizes, becoming chilled.
It then passes through a second heat exchanger, the evaporator, which transfers heat from the air to the refrigerant, reducing the temperature of this second body of air. (126 words)
1. According to the passage, the role of the flow restriction in a heat pump is to
(A) measure accurately the flow rate of the refrigerant mass at that point
(B) compress and heat the refrigerant vapor
(C) bring about the evaporation and cooling of refrigerant
(D) exchange heat between the refrigerant and the air at that point
(E) reverse the direction of refrigerant flow when needed
P2
Traditionally, the study of history has had fixed boundaries and focal points — periods, countries, dramatic events, and great leaders.
It also has had clear and firm notions of scholarly procedure: how one inquires into a historical problem, how one presents and documents one‘s findings, what constitutes admissible and adequate proof.
The recent popular psychohistory, committed to Freudian psychoanalysis, takes a radically different approach.
This commitment precludes a commitment to history as historians have always understood it.
Psychohistory derives its "facts" not from history, the detailed records of events and their consequences, but from psychoanalysis of the individuals who made history, and deduces its theories not from this or that instance in their lives, but from a view of human nature that transcends history.
It denies the basic criterion of historical evidence: that evidence be publicly accessible to, and therefore assessable by, all historians.
Psychohistorians, convinced of the absolute rightness of their own theories, are also convinced that theirs is the "deepest" explanation of any event that other explanations fall short of the truth.
2. Which of the following best states the main point of the passage?
(A) The approach of psychohistorians to historical study is currently in vogue even though it lacks the rigor and verifiability of traditional historical method.
(B) Traditional historians can benefit from studying the techniques and findings of psychohistorians.
(C) Areas of sociological study such as childhood and work are of little interest to traditional historians.
(D) The psychological assessment of an individual‘s behavior and attitudes is more informative than the details of his or her daily life.
(E) History is composed of unique and nonrepeating events that must be individually analyzed on the basis of publicly verifiable evidence.
3. The author of the passage puts the word "deepest" in quotation marks most probably in order to
(A) question the usefulness of psychohistorians‘ insights into traditional historical scholarship
(B) draw attention to a contradiction in the psychohistorians‘ method
(C) emphasize the major difference between the traditional historians‘ method and that of psychohistorians
(D) disassociate her opinion of the psychohistorians‘ claims from her opinion of their method
(E) signal her reservations about the accuracy of psychohistorians‘ claims for their work
P3
Eight percent of the Earth‘s crust is aluminum, and there are hundreds of aluminum-bearing minerals and vast quantities of the rocks that contain them.
The best aluminum ore is bauxite, defined as aggregates of aluminous minerals, more or less impure, in which aluminum is present as hydrated oxides.
Bauxite is the richest of all those aluminous rocks that occur in large quantities, and it yields alumina, the intermediate product required for the production of aluminum.
Alumina also occurs naturally as the mineral corundum, but corundum is not found in large deposits of high purity, and therefore it is an impractical source for making aluminum.
Most of the many abundant nonbauxite aluminous minerals are silicates, and, like all silicate minerals, they are refractory, resistant to analysis, and extremely difficult to process.
The aluminum silicates are therefore generally unsuitable alternatives to bauxite because considerably more energy is required to extract alumina from them. (153 words)
4. The author implies that a mineral must either be or readily supply which of the following in order to be classified as an aluminum ore?
(A) An aggregate
(B) Bauxite
(C) Alumina
(D) Corundum
(E) An aluminum silicate
For the following question, consider each of the choices separately and select all that apply
5. The passage supplies information for answering all of the following questions regarding aluminous minerals
□A Are aluminum-bearing nonbauxite minerals plentiful?
□B Do the aluminous minerals found in bauxite contain hydrated oxides?
□C Are aluminous hydrated oxides found in rocks?
6. The author implies that corundum would be used to produce aluminum if
(A) corundum could be found that is not contaminated by silicates
(B) the production of alumina could be eliminated as an intermediate step in manufacturing aluminum
(C) many large deposits of very high quality corundum were to be discovered
(D) new technologies were to make it possible to convert corundum to a silicate
(E) manufacturers were to realize that the world‘s supply of bauxite is not unlimited
P4
Tillie Olsen‘s fiction and essays have been widely and rightly acknowledged, particularly by contemporary feminists, as major contributions to American literature.
Yet few of Olsen‘s readers realize the extent to which her vision and choice of subject are rooted in an earlier literary heritage—the tradition of radical political thought, mostly socialist and anarchist, of the 1910‘s and 1920‘s, and the Old Left tradition of the 1930‘s.
I do not mean that one can adequately explain the eloquence of her work in terms of its political origins, or that left-wing politics were the single most important influence on it.
My point is that its central consciousness—its profound understanding of class and gender as shaping influences on people‘s lives — owes much to that earlier literary heritage. (126 words)
For the following question, consider each of the choices separately and select all that apply
7. According to the author, which of the following is NOT true of the heritage mentioned in the passage?
□A It emphasizes gender as the determinate influence on people‘s lives.
□B It includes political traditions that span three decades of the twentieth century.
□C It has been the most important influence on Olsen‘s work.
8. Select the sentence in which the author denies possible interpretations of an earlier assertion.
P5
Our visual perception depends on the reception of energy reflecting or radiating from that which we wish to perceive.
If our eyes could receive and measure infinitely delicate sense-data, we could perceive the world with infinite precision.
The natural limits of our eyes have, of course, been extended by mechanical instruments; telescopes and microscopes, for example, expand our capabilities greatly.
There is, however, an ultimate limit beyond which no instrument can take us; this limit is imposed by our inability to receive sense-data smaller than those conveyed by an individual quantum of energy. (97 words)
9. Which of the following describes a situation most analogous to the situation discussed in the last sentence?
(A) A mathematician can only solve problems the solution of which can be deduced from known axioms.
(B) An animal can respond to no command that is more complicated syntactically than any it has previously received.
(C) A viewer who has not learned, at least intuitively, the conventions of painting, cannot understand perspective in a drawing.
(D) A sensitized film will record no detail on a scale that is smaller than the grain of the film.
(E) A shadow cast on a screen by an opaque object will have a sharp edge only if the light source is small or very distant.
P6
Of Homer‘s two epic poems, the Odyssey has always been more popular than the Iliad, perhaps because it includes more features of mythology that are accessible to readers.
Its subject (to use Maynard Mack‘s categories) is “life-as-spectacle,” for readers, diverted by its various incidents, observe its hero Odysseus primarily from without; the tragic Iliad, however, presents “life-as- experience” : readers are asked to identify with the mind of Achilles, whose motivations render him a not particularly likable hero.
In addition, the Iliad, more than the Odyssey, suggests the complexity of the gods‘ involvement in human actions, and to the extent that modern readers find this complexity a needless complication, the Iliad is less satisfying than the Odyssey, with its simpler _scheme‘ of divine justice.
Finally, since the Iliad presents a historically verifiable action, Troy‘s siege, the poem raises historical questions that are absent from the Odyssey’s blithely imaginative world. (148 words)
10. The author uses Mack‘s “categories” (lines 4-5) most probably in order to
(A) argue that the Iliad should replace the Odyssey as the more popular poem
(B) indicate Mack‘s importance as a commentator on the Iliad and the Odyssey
(C) suggest one way in which the Iliad and the Odyssey can be distinguished
(D) point out some of the difficulties faced by readers of the Iliad and the Odyssey
(E) demonstrate that the Iliad and the Odyssey can best be distinguished by comparing their respective heroes
11. The passage is primarily concerned with
(A) distinguishing arguments
(B) applying classifications
(C) initiating a debate
(D) resolving a dispute
(E) developing a contrast
12. It can be inferred from the passage that a reader of the Iliad is likely to have trouble identifying with the poem‘s hero for which of the following reasons?
(A) The hero is eventually revealed to be unheroic.
(B) The hero can be observed by the reader only from without.
(C) The hero‘s psychology is not historically verifiable.
(D) The hero‘s emotions often do not seem appealing to the reader.
(E) The hero‘s emotions are not sufficiently various to engage the reader‘s attention.
P1
1
Heat pumps circulate a fluid refrigerant that cycles alternatively from its liquid phase to its vapor phase in a closed loop.
热泵使液态制冷剂在一个闭环中循环的过程中，制冷剂从液态到气态不停交替。
2
The refrigerant, starting as a low-temperature, low-pressure vapor, enters a compressor driven by an electric motor.
低温低压蒸汽状态的制冷剂经过电机驱动进入一个压缩机。
3
The refrigerant leaves the compressor as a hot, dense vapor and flows through a heat exchanger called the condenser, which transfers heat from the refrigerant to a body of air.
经过压缩机制冷剂变热变稠，进入一个叫做冷凝器的热交换器，把热量从制冷剂传导至一股空气。
4
Now the refrigerant, as a high-pressure, cooled liquid, confronts a flow restriction which causes the pressure to drop.
现在制冷剂变成高压冷却的液体，经过限流使压力下降。
5
As the pressure falls, the refrigerant expands and partially vaporizes, becoming chilled.
随着压力下降，制冷剂扩张部分气化，进一步降温。
6
It then passes through a second heat exchanger, the evaporator, which transfers heat from the air to the refrigerant, reducing the temperature of this second body of air. (126 words)
然后制冷剂经过第二个热交换器，蒸馏器，它把热量从空气传导给制冷剂，使第二股空气降温。
1. According to the passage, the role of the flow restriction in a heat pump is to
(A) measure accurately the flow rate of the refrigerant mass at that point
(B) compress and heat the refrigerant vapor
(C) bring about the evaporation and cooling of refrigerant
(D) exchange heat between the refrigerant and the air at that point
(E) reverse the direction of refrigerant flow when needed
选C
见句 4、5 。
还记得上周我们做过那个 “热泵广告让观众觉得广告商在吹牛结果大家都不买” 的段子吗，我还说那道题答案有争议是烂题，这一段就是它的后续段落。
P2
1
Traditionally, the study of history has had fixed boundaries and focal points — periods, countries, dramatic events, and great leaders.
按传统来说，历史研究的领域都已固定，侧重于时期，国家，大事件和重要领导人。
2
It also has had clear and firm notions of scholarly procedure: how one inquires into a historical problem, how one presents and documents one‘s findings, what constitutes admissible and adequate proof.
也有了清晰明确的关于治学程序的概念：如何提出一个历史问题，如何呈现和证明某个结论，证据如何取舍。
3
The recent popular psychohistory, committed to Freudian psychoanalysis, takes a radically different approach.
最近流行的心理历史学，致力于弗洛伊德精神分析，采取了一种本质上不同的方式。
4
This commitment precludes a commitment to history as historians have always understood it.
这不是历史学者惯常理解的方式。
5
Psychohistory derives its "facts" not from history, the detailed records of events and their consequences, but from psychoanalysis of the individuals who made history, and deduces its theories not from this or that instance in their lives, but from a view of human nature that transcends history.
心理历史学不从历史中寻找 “事实” ，(比如)对历史事件及其影响的详实完备的记录，而来自对创造历史的的个人的精神分析，不从他们一生中的具体事件推导观点，而来自超越历史的人性观。
6
It denies the basic criterion of historical evidence: that evidence be publicly accessible to, and therefore assessable by, all historians.
它违背历史学证据的基本标准：证据必须对所有的历史学者公开，进而被所有学者检验。
7
Psychohistorians, convinced of the absolute rightness of their own theories, are also convinced that theirs is the "deepest" explanation of any event that other explanations fall short of the truth.
心理历史学家们都相信自己观点的绝对正确，相信他们的观点是对任何事件的“最深刻”的解释而其他人的解释都不是真相。
2. Which of the following best states the main point of the passage?
(A) The approach of psychohistorians to historical study is currently in vogue even though it lacks the rigor and verifiability of traditional historical method.
(B) Traditional historians can benefit from studying the techniques and findings of psychohistorians.
(C) Areas of sociological study such as childhood and work are of little interest to traditional historians.
(D) The psychological assessment of an individual‘s behavior and attitudes is more informative than the details of his or her daily life.
(E) History is composed of unique and nonrepeating events that must be individually analyzed on the basis of publicly verifiable evidence.
选A
BCDE 都有文段中不曾出现的新信息。
3. The author of the passage puts the word "deepest" in quotation marks most probably in order to
(A) question the usefulness of psychohistorians‘ insights into traditional historical scholarship
(B) draw attention to a contradiction in the psychohistorians‘ method
(C) emphasize the major difference between the traditional historians‘ method and that of psychohistorians
(D) disassociate her opinion of the psychohistorians‘ claims from her opinion of their method
(E) signal her reservations about the accuracy of psychohistorians‘ claims for their work
选E
再看一遍句 7 。
Psychohistorians, convinced of the absolute rightness of their own theories, are also convinced that theirs is the "deepest" explanation of any event that other explanations fall short of the truth.
都觉得自己对，别人都不行，显然是一种自以为是的态度，“deepest” 加引号是作者表达自己对这种态度的保留，所以选E。
P3
1
Eight percent of the Earth‘s crust is aluminum, and there are hundreds of aluminum-bearing minerals and vast quantities of the rocks that contain them.
地壳的8%是铝，有超过百种含铝的矿物以及大量含铝的矿石。
2
The best aluminum ore is bauxite, defined as aggregates of aluminous minerals, more or less impure, in which aluminum is present as hydrated oxides.
最好的铝矿石是铝土矿，这是一种纯度不一的含铝矿石，铝以水合氧化物的形式存在。
3
Bauxite is the richest of all those aluminous rocks that occur in large quantities, and it yields alumina, the intermediate product required for the production of aluminum.
大量出现的铝矿石中以铝土矿含量最高，而且它可以产出三氧化二铝，是制取铝的中间产物。
4
Alumina also occurs naturally as the mineral corundum, but corundum is not found in large deposits of high purity, and therefore it is an impractical source for making aluminum.
三氧化二铝也天然地存在于刚玉中，但这种矿物并未发现大量的高纯度蕴藏，因此不是符合实际的制铝资源。
5
Most of the many abundant nonbauxite aluminous minerals are silicates, and, like all silicate minerals, they are refractory, resistant to analysis, and extremely difficult to process.
很多非铝土矿的含铝矿物大部分是硅酸盐，和所有的硅酸盐一样，它们耐高温，难以分解，极难加工。
6
The aluminum silicates are therefore generally unsuitable alternatives to bauxite because considerably more energy is required to extract alumina from them. (153 words)
因此含铝硅酸盐通常不适合作为铝土矿的替代方案，因为要从中提取铝需要多消耗相当数量的能源。
4. The author implies that a mineral must either be or readily supply which of the following in order to be classified as an aluminum ore?
(A) An aggregate
(B) Bauxite
(C) Alumina
(D) Corundum
(E) An aluminum silicate
选C
难点在于审题，作者认为一种矿物质必须是 ___ 或者提供 ___ 才能被称为铝矿石，句 2 说到水合氧化物，句 3、4 出现了三氧化二铝，综合来看选 C，只有包含三氧化二铝的矿石，才被称为铝矿石。
For the following question, consider each of the choices separately and select all that apply
5. The passage supplies information for answering all of the following questions regarding aluminous minerals
□A Are aluminum-bearing nonbauxite minerals plentiful?
□B Do the aluminous minerals found in bauxite contain hydrated oxides?
□C Are aluminous hydrated oxides found in rocks?
选ABC
A 见句 5 。Most of the many abundant nonbauxite aluminous minerals …
B/C 见句 2 。
6. The author implies that corundum would be used to produce aluminum if
(A) corundum could be found that is not contaminated by silicates
(B) the production of alumina could be eliminated as an intermediate step in manufacturing aluminum
(C) many large deposits of very high quality corundum were to be discovered
(D) new technologies were to make it possible to convert corundum to a silicate
(E) manufacturers were to realize that the world‘s supply of bauxite is not unlimited
选C
见句 5
Alumina also occurs naturally as the mineral corundum, but corundum is not found in large deposits of high purity, and therefore it is an impractical source for making aluminum.
如果这个不利条件改变，则刚玉也可以作为生产铝的一种理想的原料矿石，所以选C。
P4
1
Tillie Olsen‘s fiction and essays have been widely and rightly acknowledged, particularly by contemporary feminists, as major contributions to American literature.
T 的小说和随笔广为流传也受到公正的评价，特别是被同时代的女权主义者视为美国文学的主要贡献。
2
Yet few of Olsen‘s readers realize the extent to which her vision and choice of subject are rooted in an earlier literary heritage — the tradition of radical political thought, mostly socialist and anarchist, of the 1910‘s and 1920‘s, and the Old Left tradition of the 1930‘s.
然而没有几个读者意识到她的视野和主题选择来源于一种更早的文学传统 —— 1910 和 1920 年代的那种激进的zz观念，主要是社会主义者和无政府主义者的传统，以及1930年代的老式左派传统。
3
I do not mean that one can adequately explain the eloquence of her work in terms of its political origins, or that left-wing politics were the single most important influence on it.
我不认为从zz起源的角度可以充分解读她作品的雄辩，也不认为左翼观点对其作品的影响最大。
4
My point is that its central consciousness — its profound understanding of class and gender as shaping influences on people‘s lives — owes much to that earlier literary heritage. (126 words)
我的观点是它的核心意识 —— 它对于阶级和性别影响塑造人物命运的深刻理解 —— 相当程度上源于她早期的文学师承。
For the following question, consider each of the choices separately and select all that apply
7. According to the author, which of the following is NOT true of the heritage mentioned in the passage?
□A It emphasizes gender as the determinate influence on people‘s lives.
□B It includes political traditions that span three decades of the twentieth century.
□C It has been the most important influence on Olsen‘s work.
选AC
好题，首先注意选 NOT true 项。
A 争议大。
有的同学认为 A 是 true 的，让我们回到句 4 ——
My point is that its central consciousness — its profound understanding of class and gender as shaping influences on people‘s lives — owes much to that earlier literaryheritage.
作者的看法的主干是 “核心意识 归因于 继承” ，也就是说是 T 小说有某种看法，而这种看法受 heritage 的影响，但不能推出 heritage 有着这样的看法。
举个类比的例子，我因为看到城管粗暴执法的视频受到影响，同情小贩，这不代表城管同情小贩(虽然某些城管内心也许也有同情)。
B true ，所以不选。
C 见句 3 。
8. Select the sentence in which the author denies possible interpretations of an earlier assertion.
句 3
“I do not mean that one can adequately explain the eloquence of her work in terms of its political origins, or that left-wing politics were the single most important influence on it.”
P5
1
Our visual perception depends on the reception of energy reflecting or radiating from that which we wish to perceive.
我们的视觉依靠对观察目标发射或反射的光的接受。
2
If our eyes could receive and measure infinitely delicate sense - data, we could perceive the world with infinite precision.
如果我们的眼睛可以接收和区分无限精微的感受数据，就可以在无限精度上观察这个世界。
3
The natural limits of our eyes have, of course, been extended by mechanical instruments; telescopes and microscopes, for example, expand our capabilities greatly.
当然，我们眼睛的自然局限被机械工具拓展了;比如望远镜和显微镜就极大地增加了我们的观察能力。
4
There is, however, an ultimate limit beyond which no instrument can take us; this limit is imposed by our inability to receive sense - data smaller than those conveyed by an individual quantum of energy. (97 words)
然而，还有一个任何借助工具也无法跨越的终极限制;因为我们不能接受小于单位量子的能量所传递的感受数据。
9. Which of the following describes a situation most analogous to the situation discussed in the last sentence?
(A) A mathematician can only solve problems the solution of which can be deduced from known axioms.
(B) An animal can respond to no command that is more complicated syntactically than any it has previously received.
(C) A viewer who has not learned, at least intuitively, the conventions of painting, cannot understand perspective in a drawing.
(D) A sensitized film will record no detail on a scale that is smaller than the grain of the film.
(E) A shadow cast on a screen by an opaque object will have a sharp edge only if the light source is small or very distant.
选D
D 敏感性底片无法记录小于一个照片颗粒点(grain)的细节。把照片放大就会看到这种颗粒，每一颗颗粒都是照片上表现色彩的最小单位，每个颗粒的颜色是单一的。
也可以类比为显示器的像素，而当显示器或手机显示屏发展到人眼无法分辨出一个单一像素的时候，这种限制就消失了。
P6
1
Of Homer‘s two epic poems, the Odyssey has always been more popular than the Iliad, perhaps because it includes more features of mythology that are accessible to readers.
荷马的两部史诗，奥德赛一直比伊利亚特更受青睐，因为前者包含了更多读者易读的神话色彩。
2
Its subject (to use Maynard Mack‘s categories) is “ life - as - spectacle ,” for readers, diverted by its various incidents, observe its hero Odysseus primarily from without ; the tragic Iliad, however, presents “ life - as - experience ” : readers are asked to identify with the mind of Achilles, whose motivations render him a not particularly likable hero.
它的主题(借用 MM 的分类)是 “生活如奇观” ，读者被各种情节娱乐，主要从外部观察英雄奥德赛;然而悲剧伊利亚特表现的是 “ 生命如体验 ”：它要求读者体验阿喀琉斯的精神世界，动机使其显得并不可爱。
3
In addition, the Iliad, more than the Odyssey, suggests the complexity of the gods‘ involvement in human actions, and to the extent that modern readers find this complexity a needless complication, the Iliad is less satisfying than the Odyssey, with its simpler _scheme‘ of divine justice.
另外，伊利亚特比奥德赛更使人想到神干预人间的复杂性，而这种程度的复杂性在现代读者看来是不必要的，奥德赛则更令读者满意，因为它提供了一种单纯的神的审判的设定。
4
Finally, since the Iliad presents a historically verifiable action, Troy‘s siege, the poem raises historical questions that are absent from the Odyssey’s blithely imaginative world. (148 words)
最后，由于伊利亚特展现了一个真实的历史事件，围攻特洛伊，诗人提出了一些历史问题，这是奥德赛描述的无忧无虑的幻想世界则所缺乏的。
10. The author uses Mack‘s “categories” (lines 4-5) most probably in order to
(A) argue that the Iliad should replace the Odyssey as the more popular poem
(B) indicate Mack‘s importance as a commentator on the Iliad and the Odyssey
(C) suggest one way in which the Iliad and the Odyssey can be distinguished
(D) point out some of the difficulties faced by readers of the Iliad and the Odyssey
(E) demonstrate that the Iliad and the Odyssey can best be distinguished by comparing their respective heroes
选C
C 提供了一种区别两部史诗的方法。
B 是干扰项，也是发散项，B成立的前提是 MM 的这种分类是有效的，所以如果认为 B 正确，前提是 C 成立。在考场上只要不是时间特别紧，千万不要看到 B 很像对的，就不看后面了，为了验证也该读完其他选项。
11. The passage is primarily concerned with
(A) distinguishing arguments
(B) applying classifications
(C) initiating a debate
(D) resolving a dispute
(E) developing a contrast
选E
4 句话从 4 个方面对比了两部史诗。
A 区分争论
B 应用分类
C 展开讨论
D 解决争论
E 逐渐展示一种对比
12. It can be inferred from the passage that a reader of the Iliad is likely to have trouble identifying with the poem‘s hero for which of the following reasons?
(A) The hero is eventually revealed to be unheroic.
(B) The hero can be observed by the reader only from without.
(C) The hero‘s psychology is not historically verifiable.
(D) The hero‘s emotions often do not seem appealing to the reader.
(E) The hero‘s emotions are not sufficiently various to engage the reader‘s attention.
选D
见句 2 ，…whose motivations render him a not particularly likable hero .
