P1
Many critics of Eamily Bronte‘s novel Wuthering Heights see its second part as a counterpoint that comments on, if it does not reverse, the first part, where a “romantic” reading receives more confirmation.
Seeing the two parts as a whole is encouraged by the novel‘s sophisticated structure, revealed in its complex use of narrators and time shifts.
Granted that the presence of these elements need not argue an authorial awareness of novelistic construction comparable to that of Henry James, their presence does encourage attempts to unify the novel‘s heterogeneous parts.
However, any interpretation that seeks to unify all of the novel‘s diverse elements is bound to be somewhat unconvincing.
This is not because such an interpretation necessarily stiffens into a thesis (although rigidity in any interpretation of this or of any novel is always a danger), but because Wuthering Heights has recalcitrant elements of undeniable power that, ultimately, resist inclusion in an all-encompassing interpretation.
In this respect, Wuthering Heights shares a feature of Hamlet. (164 words)
1. According to the passage, which of the following is a true statement about the first and second parts of Wuthering Heights?
(A) The second part has received more attention from critics.
(B) The second part has little relation to the first part.
(C) The second part annuls the force of the first part.
(D) The second part provides less substantiation for a ―romantic‖ reading.
(E)The second part is better because it is more realistic.
2. Which of the following inferences about Henry James‘s awareness of novelistic construction is best supported by the passage?
(A) James, more than any other novelist, was aware of the difficulties of novelistic construction.
(B) James was very aware of the details of novelistic construction.
(C) James‘s awareness of novelistic construction derived from his reading of Bronte.
(D) James‘s awareness of novelistic construction has led most commentators to see unity in his individual novels.
(E) James‘s awareness of novelistic construction precluded him from violating the unity of his novels.
3. The author of the passage would be most likely to agree that an interpretation of a novel should
(A) not try to unite heterogeneous elements in the novel
(B) not be inflexible in its treatment of the elements in the novel
(C) not argue that the complex use of narrators or of time shifts indicates a sophisticated structure
(D) concentrate on those recalcitrant elements of the novel that are outside the novel‘s main structure
(E) primarily consider those elements of novelistic construction of which the author of the novel was aware
For the following question, consider each of the choices separately and select all that apply
4. The author of the passage suggests which of the following about Hamlet?
□A Hamlet has usually attracted critical interpretations that tend to stiffen into theses.
□B Hamlet has elements that are not amenable to an all-encompassing critical interpretation.
□C Hamlet is less open to an all-encompassing critical interpretation than is Wuthering Heights.
P2
The deep sea typically has a sparse fauna dominated by tiny worms and crustaceans, with an even sparser distribution of larger animals.
However, near hydrothermal vents, areas of the ocean where warm water emerges from subterranean sources, live remarkable densities of huge clams, blind crabs, and fish.
Most deep-sea faunas rely for food on particulate matter, ultimately derived from photosynthesis, falling from above.
The food supplies necessary to sustain the large vent communities, however, must be many times the ordinary fallout.
The first reports describing vent faunas proposed two possible sources of nutrition: bacterial chemosynthesis, production of food by bacteria using energy derived from chemical changes, and advection, the drifting of food materials from surrounding regions.
Later, evidence in support of the idea of intense local chemosynthesis was accumulated: hydrogen sulfide was found in vent water; many vent-site bacteria were found to be capable of chemosynthesis; and extremely large concentrations of bacteria were found in samples of vent water thought to be pure.
This final observation seemed decisive.
If such astonishing concentrations of bacteria were typical of vent outflow, then food within the vent would dwarf any contribution from advection.
Hence, the widely quoted conclusion was reached that bacterial chemosynthesis provides the foundation for hydrothermal-vent food chains—an exciting prospect because no other communities on Earth are independent of photosynthesis.
There are, however, certain difficulties with this interpretation.
For example, some of the large sedentary organisms associated with vents are also found at ordinary deep-sea temperatures many meters from the nearest hydrothermal sources.
This suggests that bacterial chemosynthesis is not a sufficient source of nutrition for these creatures.
Another difficulty is that similarly dense populations of large deep-sea animals have been found in the proximity of “smokers” – vents where water emerges at temperatures up to 350°C.
No bacteria can survive such heat, and no bacteria were found there.
Unless smokers are consistently located near more hospitable warm-water vents, chemosynthesis can account for only a fraction of the vent faunas.
It is conceivable, however, that these large, sedentary organisms do in fact feed on bacteria that grow in warm-water vents, rise in the vent water, and then rain in peripheral areas to nourish animals living some distance from the warm-water vents.
Nonetheless, advection is a more likely alternative food source.
Research has demonstrated that advective flow, which originates near the surface of the ocean where suspended particulate matter accumulates, transports some of that matter and water to the vents.
Estimates suggest that for every cubic meter of vent discharge, 350 milligrams of particulate organic material would be advected into the vent area.
Thus, for an average-sized vent, advection could provide more than 30 kilograms of potential food per day.
In addition, it is likely that small live animals in the advected water might be killed or stunned by thermal and/or chemical shock, thereby contributing to the food supply of vents. (479 words)
For the following question, consider each of the choices separately and select all that apply
5. The passage provides information for answering which of the following questions EXCEPT?
□A What causes warm-water vents to form?
□B What role does hydrogen sulfide play in chemosynthesis?
□C Do bacteria live in the vent water of smokers?
6. The information in the passage suggests that the majority of deep-sea faunas that live in nonvent habitats have which of the following characteristics?
(A) They do not normally feed on particles of food in the water.
(B) They are smaller than many vent faunas.
(C) They are predators.
(D) They derive nutrition from a chemosynthetic food source.
(E) They congregate around a single main food source.
7. Select the sentence in the passage in which the author implies that vents are colonized by some of the same animal found in other areas of the ocean floor, which might be a weakness for the bacterial chemosynthesis model.
8. The author refers to "smokers" in the third paragraph most probably in order to
(A) show how thermal shock can provide food for some vent faunas by stunning small animals
(B) prove that the habitat of most deep-sea animals is limited to warm-water vents
(C) explain how bacteria carry out chemosynthesis
(D) demonstrate how advection compensates for the lack of food sources on the seafloor
(E) present evidence that bacterial chemosynthesis may be an inadequate source of food for some vent faunas
P3
Ragtime is a musical form that synthesizes folk melodies and musical techniques into a brief quadrille-like structure, designed to be played — exactly as written — on the piano.
A strong analogy exists between European composers like Ralph Vaughan Williams, Edward Grieg, and Anton Dvorak who combined folk tunes and their own original materials in larger compositions and the pioneer ragtime composers in the United States.
Composers like Scott Joplin and James Scott were in a sense collectors or musicologists, collecting dance and folk music in Black communities and consciously shaping it into brief suites or anthologies called piano rags. (100 words)
9. Which of the following is most nearly analogous in source and artistic character to a ragtime composition as described in the passage?
(A) Symphonic music derived from complex jazz motifs
(B) An experimental novel based on well-known cartoon characters
(C) A dramatic production in which actors invent scenes and improvise lines
(D) A ballet whose disciplined choreography is based on folk-dance steps
(E) A painting whose abstract shapes evoke familiar objects in a natural landscape
P4
Geologists have long known that the Earth‘s mantle is heterogeneous, but its spatial arrangement remains unresolved — is the mantle essentially layered or irregularly heterogeneous?
The best evidence for the layered-mantle thesis is the well-established fact that volcanic rocks found on oceanic islands, islands believed to result from mantle plumes arising from the lower mantle, are composed of material fundamentally different from that of the midocean ridge system, whose source, most geologists contend, is the upper mantle.
Some geologists, however, on the basis of observations concerning mantle xenoliths, argue that the mantle is not layered, but that heterogeneity is created by fluids rich in "incompatible elements" (elements tending toward liquid rather than solid state)
percolating upward and transforming portions of the upper mantle irregularly, according to the vagaries of the fluids‘ pathways.
We believe, perhaps unimaginatively, that this debate can be resolved through further study, and that the underexplored midocean ridge system is the key. (157 words)
10. According to the passage, it is believed that oceanic islands are formed from
(A) the same material as mantle xenoliths
(B) the same material as the midocean ridge system
(C) volcanic rocks from the upper mantle
(D) incompatible elements percolating up from the lower mantle
(E) mantle plumes arising from the lower mantle
For the following question, consider each of the choices separately and select all that apply
11. It can be inferred from the passage that the supporters of the "layered-mantle" theory believe which of the following?
□A The volcanic rocks on oceanic islands are composed of material derived from the lower part of the mantle.
□B The materials of which volcanic rocks on oceanic islands and midocean ridges are composed are typical of the layers from which they are thought to originate.
□C The differences in composition between volcanic rocks on oceanic islands and the midocean ridges are a result of different concentrations of incompatible elements.
12. In the context of the passage, "unimaginatively" is closest in meaning to
(A) pedestrian
(B) controversial
(C) unrealistic
(D) novel
(E) paradoxical
P5
Scientists have sought evidence of long-term solar periodicities by examining indirect climatological data, such as fossil records of the thickness of ancient tree rings.
These studies, however, failed to link unequivocally terrestrial climate and the solar-activity cycle, or even to confirm the cycle’s past existence. (45 words)
13. It can be inferred from the passage that studies attempting to use tree-ring thickness to locate possible links between solar periodicity and terrestrial climate are based on which of the following assumptions?
(A) The solar-activity cycle existed in its present form during the time period in which the tree rings grew.
(B) The biological mechanisms causing tree growth are unaffected by short-term weather pat terns.
(C) Average tree-ring thickness varies from species to species.
(D) Tree-ring thicknesses reflect changes in terrestrial climate.
(E) Both terrestrial climate and the solar-activity cycle randomly affect tree-ring thickness.
P1
1
Many critics of Emily Bronte‘s novel Wuthering Heights see its second part as a counterpoint that comments on, if it does not reverse, the first part, where a “romantic” reading receives more confirmation.
许多评论家认为艾米莉·勃朗特的小说呼啸山庄的第二部分，即便没有颠覆之，也是对 通常被认为表现出一种浪漫风格的第一部分 的一种对比。
(
if it does not reverse 中的 if ，作 even though although perhaps 即使，即便，虽然。
)
2
Seeing the two parts as a whole is encouraged by the novel‘s sophisticated structure, revealed in its complex use of narrators and time shifts.
而小说中对叙述人称和时间转换的复杂运用，所表现出的精致的结构，又使人倾向于认为两部分是一个整体。
3
Granted that the presence of these elements need not argue an authorial awareness of novelistic construction comparable to that of Henry James, their presence does encourage attempts to unify the novel‘s heterogeneous parts.
的确，这些因素不足以得出结论说作者在小说结构上具备了 H J 那样的作者意识，但这些因素确实鼓励了把小说不同部分做统一解读的尝试。
4
However, any interpretation that seeks to unify all of the novel‘s diverse elements is bound to be somewhat unconvincing.
然而，任何尝试统一小说不同元素的解读，在某种程度上都缺乏说服力。
5
This is not because such an interpretation necessarily stiffens into a thesis (although rigidity in any interpretation of this or of any novel is always a danger), but because Wuthering Heights has recalcitrant elements of undeniable power that, ultimately, resist inclusion in an all-encompassing interpretation.
并非因为这样的解读必然堕为一种僵化的理论(尽管僵化地解读这本小说或任何一本小说总是危险的)，而是因为《呼啸山庄》包含的不可调和元素有一种无可否认的力量，最终会抗拒一种总括全局的解读。
6
In this respect, Wuthering Heights shares a feature of Hamlet. (164 words)
在这方面，《呼啸山庄》有点像《哈姆雷特》。
1. According to the passage, which of the following is a true statement about the first and second parts of Wuthering Heights?
(A) The second part has received more attention from critics.
(B) The second part has little relation to the first part.
(C) The second part annuls the force of the first part.
(D) The second part provides less substantiation for a “romantic” reading.
(E)The second part is better because it is more realistic.
选D
句 1 。
第一部分是被认为 romantic 的，第二部分作为第一部分的对比 counterpoint ，即便没有颠覆 if it does not reverse ，可知起码第二部分不像第一部分那么浪漫。
2. Which of the following inferences about Henry James‘s awareness of novelistic construction is best supported by the passage?
(A) James, more than any other novelist, was aware of the difficulties of novelistic construction.
(B) James was very aware of the details of novelistic construction.
(C) James‘s awareness of novelistic construction derived from his reading of Bronte.
(D) James‘s awareness of novelistic construction has led most commentators to see unity in his individual novels.
(E) James‘s awareness of novelistic construction precluded him from violating the unity of his novels.
选B
句 2 中介绍了一些《呼啸山庄》的特点，比如叙述人称和时间的转换等，这些特点在句 3 中明确为，need not argue 不必然得出 H J 的那种注意小说结构的作者意识，可以认为 H J 更注意小说结构。所以选 B 。
3. The author of the passage would be most likely to agree that an interpretation of a novel should
(A) not try to unite heterogeneous elements in the novel
(B) not be inflexible in its treatment of the elements in the novel
(C) not argue that the complex use of narrators or of time shifts indicates a sophisticated structure
(D) concentrate on those recalcitrant elements of the novel that are outside the novel‘s main structure
(E) primarily consider those elements of novelistic construction of which the author of the novel was aware
选B
句 5 括号里的内容 although rigidity in any interpretation of this or of any novel is always a danger ，可以得出一个作者的倾向，作者认为僵化地解释任何一本小说都不好，符合 B 的描述。
For the following question, consider each of the choices separately and select all that apply
4. The author of the passage suggests which of the following about Hamlet?
□A Hamlet has usually attracted critical interpretations that tend to stiffen into theses.
□B Hamlet has elements that are not amenable to an all-encompassing critical interpretation.
□C Hamlet is less open to an all-encompassing critical interpretation than is Wuthering Heights.
选B
根据文章，只有最后一句提到《哈姆雷特》，指两部小说都抗拒一种统一的解读，所以——
A 未知信息
B 正确
C 不能判断。两个都抗拒，不知道是不是某一个更抗拒。
P2
1
The deep sea typically has a sparse fauna dominated by tiny worms and crustaceans, with an even sparser distribution of larger animals.
深海特有一种稀疏的动物群，主要由小虫和甲壳动物组成，更大型的动物则少之又少。
2
However, near hydrothermal vents, areas of the ocean where warm water emerges from subterranean sources, live remarkable densities of huge clams, blind crabs, and fish.
然而，海底喷泉口附近，也就热水从地表下喷出的区域，有大量巨型蛤蜊，盲蟹和鱼存活。
3
Most deep-sea faunas rely for food on particulate matter, ultimately derived from photosynthesis, falling from above.
多数深海动物的食物来源，是上方的光合作用产生的微粒物质的沉降。
4
The food supplies necessary to sustain the large vent communities, however, must be many times the ordinary fallout.
然而，想满足大型海底喷口附近的动物对食物的需求，必须要数倍于一般的沉降量。
5
The first reports describing vent faunas proposed two possible sources of nutrition: bacterial chemosynthesis, production of food by bacteria using energy derived from chemical changes, and advection, the drifting of food materials from surrounding regions.
描述喷口动物群的早期报告提出两种可能的食物来源：细菌的化合作用，由利用化合作用所产生的能量的细菌来提供食物，和平流作用，由周围区域的海流循环运来食物。
6
Later, evidence in support of the idea of intense local chemosynthesis was accumulated: hydrogen sulfide was found in vent water; many vent - site bacteria were found to be capable of chemosynthesis; and extremely large concentrations of bacteria were found in samples of vent water thought to be pure.
后来，越来越多的证据支持强烈的本地化学合成说：喷出的水流中检测出了硫化氢;很多喷口附近的细菌被发现能够进行化学合成;而原以为不含细菌的喷口水样中检测到了极高程度的细菌聚集。
7
This final observation seemed decisive.
最后这项观察结果似乎是决定性的。
8
If such astonishing concentrations of bacteria were typical of vent outflow, then food within the vent would dwarf any contribution from advection.
如果所有喷口喷出的水都聚集了如此多的细菌，平流作用带来的那点食物简直无法和喷口本身提供的食物相提并论。
(
dwarf 侏儒，作动词可以指“通过比较使…显得矮小”。
本剧直译大概是，喷口内的食物将使平流作用的的贡献显得矮小，也就说平流作用带来的食物相比之下太少了。
)
9
Hence, the widely quoted conclusion was reached that bacterial chemosynthesis provides the foundation for hydrothermal - vent food chains — an exciting prospect because no other communities on Earth are independent of photosynthesis.
因此，细菌的化合为喷口附近区域的食物链提供了基础成为一个广泛的共识 —— 这是个令人激动的观点，因为地球上还有其他群体的生存能够脱离光合作用。
10
There are, however, certain difficulties with this interpretation.
然而，这种说法也有一些回答不了的问题。
11
For example, some of the large sedentary organisms associated with vents are also found at ordinary deep-sea temperatures many meters from the nearest hydrothermal sources.
比如，一些在喷口附近出现的大型固着动物也在常温深海区域被发现，距离最近的喷发热源也有数米。
12
This suggests that bacterial chemosynthesis is not a sufficient source of nutrition for these creatures.
这意味着细菌化合不足以为这些动物提供食物。
13
Another difficulty is that similarly dense populations of large deep-sea animals have been found in the proximity of “smokers” – vents where water emerges at temperatures up to 350°C.
另一个难点在于，“smokers” 附近也发现了种群密度相似的大型深海动物，“smokers” 喷出的水温度高达 350 摄氏度。
14
No bacteria can survive such heat, and no bacteria were found there.
这种温度下不可能存活、也没有发现任何细菌。
15
Unless smokers are consistently located near more hospitable warm-water vents, chemosynthesis can account for only a fraction of the vent faunas.
除非 smokers 附近总有一些更适合动物生存的温水喷口，否则化学合成只能为一部分喷口附近的动物提供食物。
16
It is conceivable, however, that these large, sedentary organisms do in fact feed on bacteria that grow in warm-water vents, rise in the vent water, and then rain in peripheral areas to nourish animals living some distance from the warm-water vents.
尽管如此，可以想象的是这些固着的大型动物实际上确实靠温水喷口的细菌提供食物，从喷口喷出的水最终回落到喷口周围，以养活喷口附近的动物。
17
Nonetheless, advection is a more likely alternative food source.
而平流作用，仍然是另一种更可能的食物来源。
18
Research has demonstrated that advective flow, which originates near the surface of the ocean where suspended particulate matter accumulates, transports some of that matter and water to the vents.
已经有研究显示，海面附近出现的平流聚集了悬浮的颗粒物质，其中一部分随水流被运到喷口。
19
Estimates suggest that for every cubic meter of vent discharge, 350 milligrams of particulate organic material would be advected into the vent area.
据估算喷口喷出的每立方米水，会有350毫克有机颗粒物质会被洋流输送到附近区域。
20
Thus, for an average-sized vent, advection could provide more than 30 kilograms of potential food per day.
所以，一个中等大小的喷口，每天通过平流作用提供超过30千克潜在的食物。
21
In addition, it is likely that small live animals in the advected water might be killed or stunned by thermal and/or chemical shock, thereby contributing to the food supply of vents. (479 words)
另外，随着平流被带走的小动物也可能被热量和化学冲击杀死，因此增加了喷口的食物供应。
For the following question, consider each of the choices separately and select all that apply
5. The passage provides information for answering which of the following questions EXCEPT?
□A What causes warm-water vents to form?
□B What role does hydrogen sulfide play in chemosynthesis?
□C Do bacteria live in the vent water of smokers?
选AB
A 温水喷口的成因是啥，不知道。
B 二氧化硫在化合过程中的作用是啥，不知道。
C smokers 喷出的水中有细菌吗，句 13、14 明确说了，不可能有，也没有发现过。
6. The information in the passage suggests that the majority of deep-sea faunas that live in nonvent habitats have which of the following characteristics?
(A) They do not normally feed on particles of food in the water.
(B) They are smaller than many vent faunas.
(C) They are predators.
(D) They derive nutrition from a chemosynthetic food source.
(E) They congregate around a single main food source.
选B
根据句 1 、2 的信息，如果不是喷口附近的动物群(经常有大蛤蜊，盲鱼等)，普通的深海动物群，主要是虫子和甲壳动物，B 符合题干。
7. Select the sentence in the passage in which the author implies that vents are colonized by some of the same animal found in other areas of the ocean floor, which might be a weakness for the bacterial chemosynthesis model.
“ For example, some of the large sedentary organisms associated with vents are also found at ordinary deep-sea temperatures many meters from the nearest hydrothermal sources. ”
喷口是细菌最密集以及活跃的区域，也因此可以解释为许多动物提供了食物源，如果典型的喷口附近出现的大型动物也出现在较远的地区，则有可能削弱化合作用的理论模型。
如果仍然要坚持化合说，则起码要解释化合产物是如何被运输到数米以外的，像文中后面那样用平流作用来解释。
8. The author refers to "smokers" in the third paragraph most probably in order to
(A) show how thermal shock can provide food for some vent faunas by stunning small animals
(B) prove that the habitat of most deep-sea animals is limited to warm-water vents
(C) explain how bacteria carry out chemosynthesis
(D) demonstrate how advection compensates for the lack of food sources on the seafloor
(E) present evidence that bacterial chemosynthesis may be an inadequate source of food for some vent faunas
选E
smokers 的特点是温度特别高，细菌不可能在这种高温环境下生存，所以提出 smokers 是为了说明，单纯用细菌化合说解释不了所有的 vent faunas 。
P3
1
Ragtime is a musical form that synthesizes folk melodies and musical techniques into a brief quadrille-like structure, designed to be played — exactly as written — on the piano.
Ragtime 是一种把民歌旋律和音乐技巧综合进 quadrille 样结构的音乐形式，严格地按照创作在钢琴上演奏。
2
A strong analogy exists between European composers like Ralph Vaughan Williams, Edward Grieg, and Anton Dvorak who combined folk tunes and their own original materials in larger compositions and the pioneer ragtime composers in the United States.
欧洲作曲家比如 RVW ， EG ， 和 AD 把民歌音调和他们原创的素材运用到大型创作中，这和美国的先锋 ragtime 作曲家很相似。
3
Composers like Scott Joplin and James Scott were in a sense collectors or musicologists, collecting dance and folk music in Black communities and consciously shaping it into brief suites or anthologies called piano rags. (100 words)
作曲家比如 SJ 和 JS 某种程度上算是音乐收藏家或音乐理论家，他们收集黑人社区的民歌和舞曲然后自觉地运用到简短的组曲或选集中，称为 piano rags 。
9. Which of the following is most nearly analogous in source and artistic character to a ragtime composition as described in the passage?
(A) Symphonic music derived from complex jazz motifs
(B) An experimental novel based on well-known cartoon characters
(C) A dramatic production in which actors invent scenes and improvise lines
(D) A ballet whose disciplined choreography is based on folk-dance steps
(E) A painting whose abstract shapes evoke familiar objects in a natural landscape
选D
和文中描述的 ragtime 创作在来源和艺术特征上最接近的。ragtime 创作是发掘民间艺术元素，在相对古典的学院派的创作中加以借鉴。
A 由复杂的爵士乐动机演变出的交响乐
B 以大众熟悉的卡通角色为基础创作的实验小说
C 演员自由即兴发挥场景和台词的戏剧
D 芭蕾舞剧编舞以民间舞蹈的步法为基础
E 一副抽象的形象让人联想到风景画中熟悉物体的画
只有 D 符合民间艺术元素 古典创作的特点。
P4
1
Geologists have long known that the Earth‘s mantle is heterogeneous, but its spatial arrangement remains unresolved — is the mantle essentially layered or irregularly heterogeneous?
地理学家早就知道地幔是由不同物质混杂而成的，但各种成分的空间分布还不清楚 —— 地幔的结构是分层的，抑或完全无规律的混杂?
2
The best evidence for the layered - mantle thesis is the well - established fact that volcanic rocks found on oceanic islands, islands believed to result from mantle plumes arising from the lower mantle, are composed of material fundamentally different from that of the midocean ridge system, whose source, most geologists contend, is the upper mantle.
地幔分层说的最佳证据，在于确实在海岛发现了一些火山岩，这些岛确信是由下层地幔升起的地柱形成的，岛上的火山岩是由跟海洋中部山脊系统完全不同的材料组成的，而海洋中部山脊被多数地理学家认为是上层地幔。
(
plume 地柱，An upwelling of molten material from the earth’s mantle.(AHD)
)
3
Some geologists, however, on the basis of observations concerning mantle xenoliths, argue that the mantle is not layered, but that heterogeneity is created by fluids rich in "incompatible elements" (elements tending toward liquid rather than solid state) percolating upward and transforming portions of the upper mantle irregularly, according to the vagaries of the fluids‘ pathways.
然而，一些地理学家基于对地幔中捕虏体的观测，主张地幔不是分层的，而是由含有大量不相容元素(这些元素更倾向于液态而不是固态)的流体组成的多样物质的混合，这些不相容元素向上过滤，并根据流动路径的多变性，不规则地改变上层地幔的成分。
(
xenolith 捕虏体，A rock fragment foreign to the igneous mass in which it occurs. 指在火成岩中形成的外来岩石碎片 (AHD)
)
4
We believe, perhaps unimaginatively, that this debate can be resolved through further study, and that the underexplored midocean ridge system is the key. (157 words)
也许听起来像陈词滥调，我们相信这场争论可以通过进一步研究终结，有待勘测的海洋中部山脊系统则是研究的关键。
(
underexplored 查不到什么意思，有待勘测的译法是无根据的推测，请勿轻信。
)
10. According to the passage, it is believed that oceanic islands are formed from
(A) the same material as mantle xenoliths
(B) the same material as the midocean ridge system
(C) volcanic rocks from the upper mantle
(D) incompatible elements percolating up from the lower mantle
(E) mantle plumes arising from the lower mantle
选E
句 2 ：
The best evidence for the layered - mantle thesis is the well - established fact thatvolcanic rocks found on oceanic islands, islands believed to result from mantle plumes arising from the lower mantle, are composed of material fundamentally different from that of the midocean ridge system, whose source, most geologists contend, is the upper mantle.
这是个长句但不算难别怕，桃色背景为句子主干，粉了吧唧的部分是选项根据。
For the following question, consider each of the choices separately and select all that apply
11. It can be inferred from the passage that the supporters of the "layered-mantle" theory believe which of the following?
□A The volcanic rocks on oceanic islands are composed of material derived from the lower part of the mantle.
□B The materials of which volcanic rocks on oceanic islands and midocean ridges are composed are typical of the layers from which they are thought to originate.
□C The differences in composition between volcanic rocks on oceanic islands and the midocean ridges are a result of different concentrations of incompatible elements.
选AB
A 在文中可以直接找到根据，句 2 。
B composed 之前都是主语，主语的中心词是 materials ，分层说的支持者当然认为两种石头都是所在层次的典型代表，如果他们不相信这一点，理论也就不成立了。
C incompatible elements 是乱流说提到的内容，放在分层说题目中，是错误组合的干扰信息。
12. In the context of the passage, "unimaginatively" is closest in meaning to
(A) pedestrian
(B) controversial
(C) unrealistic
(D) novel
(E) paradoxical
选A
pedestrian 平淡无奇的，一般的
unimaginatively 缺乏想象力地
P5
1
Scientists have sought evidence of long - term solar periodicities by examining indirect climatological data, such as fossil records of the thickness of ancient tree rings.
科学家们已经设法通过研究间接气象学数据来寻找太阳长期周期性规律的证据，比如古树年轮厚度的化石记录。
2
These studies, however, failed to link unequivocally terrestrial climate and the solar - activity cycle, or even to confirm the cycle’s past existence. (45 words)
然而，这些研究没能在地球气候和太阳活动周期之间，建立明确的对应关系，甚至不能确定这种周期活动的存在。
13. It can be inferred from the passage that studies attempting to use tree-ring thickness to locate possible links between solar periodicity and terrestrial climate are based on which of the following assumptions?
(A) The solar-activity cycle existed in its present form during the time period in which the tree rings grew.
(B) The biological mechanisms causing tree growth are unaffected by short-term weather pat terns.
(C) Average tree-ring thickness varies from species to species.
(D) Tree-ring thicknesses reflect changes in terrestrial climate.
(E) Both terrestrial climate and the solar-activity cycle randomly affect tree-ring thickness.
选D
非常好的逻辑题。
句 1 提出了三个逻辑重点：太阳、地球气候、树。
具体来说，科学家要研究太阳的周期性规律，他们选择去查阅地球气候的一些记录，最终选择了研究古树年轮。
这里有个假设：
X 地球气候的变化能够在树的年轮中准确反映。
还有一个猜想：
Y 太阳周期活动能够准确地在地球气候记录中反映。
句 2 给出了研究的结果，科学家们猜错了(Y不成立)，在树的记录也就是地球气候的记录中，看不出与太阳周期活动有关，甚至在树的记录中都察觉不到太阳是有周期性活动的。
题目问我们研究基于什么样的假设，D项符合。
如果你选了其他项，且仍然觉得自己对，不妨给我讲讲，也许说着说着你就明白了。
