P1
Traditional research has confronted only Mexican and United States interpretations of Mexican-American culture.
Now we must also examine the culture as we Mexican Americans have experienced it, passing from a sovereign people to compatriots with newly arriving settlers to, finally, a conquered people — a charter minority on our own land.
When the Spanish first came to Mexico, they inter-married with and absorbed the culture of the indigenous Indians.
This policy of colonization through acculturation was continued when Mexico acquired Texas in the early 1800‘s and brought the indigenous Indians into Mexican life and government.
In the 1820‘s, United States citizens migrated to Texas, attracted by land suitable for cotton.
As their numbers became more substantial, their policy of acquiring land by subduing native populations began to dominate.
The two ideologies clashed repeatedly, culminating in a military conflict that led to victory for the United States.
Thus, suddenly deprived of our parent culture, we had to evolve uniquely Mexican-American modes of thought and action in order to survive. (168 words)
1. The author‘s purpose in writing this passage is primarily to
(A) suggest the motives behind Mexican and United States intervention in Texas
(B) document certain early objectives of Mexican-American society
(C) provide a historical perspective for a new analysis of Mexican-American culture
(D) appeal to both Mexican and United States scholars to give greater consideration to economic interpretations of history
(E) bring to light previously overlooked research on Mexican Americans
2. The author most probably uses the phrase “charter minority” (lines 6-7) to reinforce the idea that Mexican Americans
(A) are a native rather than an immigrant group in the United States
(B) played an active political role when Texas first became part of the United States
(C) recognized very early in the nineteenth century the need for official confirmation of their rights of citizenship
(D) have been misunderstood by scholars trying to interpret their culture
(E) identify more closely with their Indian heritage than with their Spanish heritage
3. Which of the following statements most clearly contradicts the information in this passage?
(A) In the early 1800‘s, the Spanish committed more resources to settling California than to developing Texas.
(B) While Texas was under Mexican control, the population of Texas quadrupled, in spite of the fact that Mexico discouraged immigration from the United States.
(C) By the time Mexico acquired Texas, many Indians had already married people of Spanish heritage.
(D) Many Mexicans living in Texas returned to Mexico after Texas was annexed by the United States.
(E) Most Indians living in Texas resisted Spanish acculturation and were either killed or enslaved.
P2
The determination of the sources of copper ore used in the manufacture of copper and bronze artifacts of Bronze Age civilizations would add greatly to our knowledge of cultural contacts and trade in that era.
Researchers have analyzed artifacts and ores for their concentrations of elements, but for a variety of reasons, these studies have generally failed to provide evidence of the sources of the copper used in the objects.
Elemental composition can vary within the same copper-ore lode, usually because of varying admixtures of other elements, especially iron, lead, zinc, and arsenic.
And high concentrations of cobalt or zinc, noticed in some artifacts, appear in a variety of copper-ore sources.
Moreover, the processing of ores introduced poorly controlled changes in the concentrations of minor and trace elements in the resulting metal.
Some elements evaporate during smelting and roasting; different temperatures and processes produce different degrees of loss.
Finally, flux, which is sometimes added during smelting to remove waste material from the ore, could add quantities of elements to the final product.
An elemental property that is unchanged through these chemical processes is the isotopic composition of each metallic element in the ore.
Isotopic composition, the percentages of the different isotopes of an element in a given sample of the element, is therefore particularly suitable as an indicator of the sources of the ore.
Of course, for this purpose it is necessary to find an element whose isotopic composition is more or less constant throughout a given ore body, but varies from one copper ore body to another or, at least, from one geographic region to another.
The ideal choice, when isotopic composition is used to investigate the source of copper ore, would seem to be copper itself.
It has been shown that small but measurable variations occur naturally in the isotopic composition of copper.
However, the variations are large enough only in rare ores; between samples of the common ore minerals of copper, isotopic variations greater than the measurement error have not been found.
An alternative choice is lead, which occurs in most copper and bronze artifacts of the Bronze Age in amounts consistent with the lead being derived from the copper ores and possibly from the fluxes.
The isotopic composition of lead often varies from one source of common copper ore to another, with variations exceeding the measurement error; and preliminary studies indicate virtually uniform isotopic composition of the lead from a single copper-ore source.
While some of the lead found in an artifact may have been introduced from flux or when other metals were added to the copper ore, lead so added in Bronze Age processing would usually have the same isotopic composition as the lead in the copper ore.
Lead isotope studies may thus prove useful for interpreting the archaeological record of the Bronze Age. (473 words)
4. The author first mentions the addition of flux during smelting in the last sentence in the last paragraph in order to
(A) give a reason for the failure of elemental composition studies to determine ore sources
(B) illustrate differences between various Bronze Age civilizations
(C) show the need for using high smelting temperatures
(D) illustrate the uniformity of lead isotope composition
(E) explain the success of copper isotope composition analysis
For the following question, consider each of the choices separately and select all that apply
5. According to the passage, possible sources of the lead found in a copper or bronze artifact include which of the following?
□A The copper ore used to manufacture the artifact
□B Flux added during processing of the copper ore
□C Other metal added during processing of the copper ore
6. Select the sentence in the passage that the author rejects copper as the “ideal choice” .
7. It can be inferred from the passage that the use of flux in processing copper ore can alter the lead isotope composition of the resulting metal EXCEPT when
(A) there is a smaller concentration of lead in the flux than in the copper ore
(B) the concentration of lead in the flux is equivalent to that of the lead in the ore
(C) some of the lead in the flux evaporates during processing
(D) any lead in the flux has the same isotopic composition as the lead in the ore
(E) other metals are added during processing
P3
Echolocating bats emit sounds in patterns—characteristic of each species—that contain both frequency-modulated (FM) and constant-frequency (CF) signals.
The broadband FM signals and the narrowband CF signals travel out to a target, reflect from it, and return to the hunting bat. In this process of transmission and reflection, the sounds are changed, and the changes in the echoes enable the bat to perceive features of the target.
The FM signals report information about target characteristics that modify the timing and the fine frequency structure, or spectrum, of echoes—for example, the target‘s size, shape, texture, surface structure, and direction in space. Because of their narrow bandwidth, CF signals portray only the target‘s presence and, in the case of some bat species, its motion relative to the bat‘s.
Responding to changes in the CF echo‘s frequency, bats of some species correct in flight for the direction and velocity of their moving prey. (150 words)
8. According to the passage, the information provided to the bat by CF echoes differs from that provided by FM echoes in which of the following ways?
(A) Only CF echoes alert the bat to moving targets.
(B) Only CF echoes identify the range of widely spaced targets.
(C) Only CF echoes report the target‘s presence to the bat.
(D) In some species, CF echoes enable the bat to judge whether it is closing in on its target.
(E) In some species, CF echoes enable the bat to discriminate the size of its target and the direction in which the target is moving.
9. Which of the following best describes the organization of the passage?
(A) A fact is stated, a process is outlined, and specific details of the process are described.
(B) A fact is stated, and examples suggesting that a distinction needs correction are considered.
(C) A fact is stated, a theory is presented to explain that fact, and additional facts are introduced to validate the theory.
(D) A fact is stated, and two theories are compared in light of their explanations of this fact.
(E) A fact is stated, a process is described, and examples of still another process are illustrated in detail.
P4
By far the most outstanding of American talented women sculptors during the twentieth century is Louise Nevelson, who in the eyes of many critics is the most original female artist alive today.
One famous and influential critic, Hilton Kramer, said of her work, “For myself, I think Ms. Nevelson succeeds where the painters often fail.” (55 words)
10. The author quotes Hilton Kramer most probably in order to illustrate which of the following?
(A) The realism of Nevelson‘s work
(B) The unique qualities of Nevelson‘s style
(C) The extent of critical approval of Nevelson‘s work
(D) A distinction between sculpture and painting
(E) A reason for the prominence of women sculptors since the 1950‘s
P5
Until about five years ago, the very idea that peptide hormones might be made anywhere in the brain besides the hypothalamus was astounding.
But laboratory after laboratory found that antiserums to peptide hormones, when injected into the brain, bind in places other than the hypothalamus, indicating that either the hormones or substances that cross-react with the antiserums are present.
The immunological method of detecting peptide hormones by means of antiserums, however, is imprecise.
Cross-reactions are possible and this method cannot determine whether the substances detected by the antiserums really are the hormones, or merely close relatives.
Furthermore, this method cannot be used to determine the location in the body where the detected substances are actually produced.
New techniques of molecular biology, however, provide a way to answer these questions.
It is possible to make specific complementary DNA‘s (cDNA‘s) that can serve as molecular probes to seek out the messenger RNA‘s (mRNA‘s) of the peptide hormones.
The brain cells containing these mRNA‘s can then be isolated and their mRNA‘s decoded to determine just what their protein products are and how closely the products resemble the true peptide hormones. (187 words)
11. Which of the following titles best summarizes the passage?
(A) Is Molecular Biology the Key to Understanding Intercellular Communication in the Brain?
(B) Molecular Biology: Can Researchers Exploit Its Techniques to Synthesize Peptide Hormones?
(C) The Advantages and Disadvantages of the Immunological Approach to Detecting Peptide Hormones
(D) Peptide Hormones: How Scientists Are Attempting to Solve Problems of Their Detection
(E) Peptide Hormones: The Role Played by Messenger RNA‘s in Their Detection
12. The passage suggests that a substance detected in the brain by use of antiserums to peptide hormones may
(A) have been stored in the brain for a long period of time
(B) play no role in the functioning of the brain
(C) have been produced in some part of the body other than the brain
(D) have escaped detection by molecular methods
(E) play an important role in the functioning of the hypothalamus
13. Which of the following is mentioned in the passage as a drawback of the immunological method of detecting peptide hormones?
(A) It cannot be used to detect the presence of growth regulators in the brain.
(B) It cannot distinguish between the peptide hormones and substances that are very similar to them.
(C) It uses antiserums that are unable to cross the blood-brain barrier.
(D) It involves a purification process that requires extensive training in endocrinology.
(E) It involves injecting foreign substances directly into the bloodstream.
P1
1
Traditional research has confronted only Mexican and United States interpretations of Mexican-American culture.
传统的对墨西哥裔美国人文化的研究，一直以来只注意墨西哥和美国视角的解读。
2
Now we must also examine the culture as we Mexican Americans have experienced it, passing from a sovereign people to compatriots with newly arriving settlers to, finally, a conquered people — a charter minority on our own land.
现在我们也必须从墨西哥裔美国人的历史经验出发考察这种文化，从自治到成为一国的国民，从新登陆的开拓者到被征服者——这片土地上的少数族群。
3
When the Spanish first came to Mexico, they inter-married with and absorbed the culture of the indigenous Indians.
西班牙人刚到墨西哥就与当地人通婚，并吸收了当地的印第安文化。
4
This policy of colonization through acculturation was continued when Mexico acquired Texas in the early 1800‘s and brought the indigenous Indians into Mexican life and government.
这种文化融合的政策，在1800年代早期墨西哥扩展到德州时仍在发挥作用，(德州)当地的印第安人也就得以进入墨西哥人的生活与治理。
5
In the 1820‘s, United States citizens migrated to Texas, attracted by land suitable for cotton.
1820年代，美国人迁徙到德州，发现这片土地很适合种棉花。
6
As their numbers became more substantial, their policy of acquiring land by subduing native populations began to dominate.
美国人越来越多，他们的政策转而以强征当地人的土地为主。
7
The two ideologies clashed repeatedly, culminating in a military conflict that led to victory for the United States.
两种意识形态不断冲突，最终爆发了武装冲突，以美国的胜利告终。
8
Thus, suddenly deprived of our parent culture, we had to evolve uniquely Mexican-American modes of thought and action in order to survive. (168 words)
因此，当地人失去了原有的文化，不得不发展出一种墨西哥裔美国人的思维和行为方式，以图生存。
1. The author‘s purpose in writing this passage is primarily to
(A) suggest the motives behind Mexican and United States intervention in Texas
(B) document certain early objectives of Mexican-American society
(C) provide a historical perspective for a new analysis of Mexican-American culture
(D) appeal to both Mexican and United States scholars to give greater consideration to economic interpretations of history
(E) bring to light previously overlooked research on Mexican Americans
选C
A 暗示了墨西哥和美国干涉德州事物背后的动机，搞笑
B 记录了墨美社会特定的早期目标，瞎聊
C 提供了一种新的分析墨美文化的史学观点，正确项，句1，2
D 呼吁墨西哥和美国的学者更重视从经济角度解释历史，瞎聊
E 揭示了一直被忽略的关于墨美人的研究，瞎聊
2. The author most probably uses the phrase “charter minority” (lines 6-7) to reinforce the idea that Mexican Americans
(A) are a native rather than an immigrant group in the United States
(B) played an active political role when Texas first became part of the United States
(C) recognized very early in the nineteenth century the need for official confirmation of their rights of citizenship
(D) have been misunderstood by scholars trying to interpret their culture
(E) identify more closely with their Indian heritage than with their Spanish heritage
选A
挺精致的一题。
charter 我们在很早以前的一个填空题里讲过 “黄热病肆虐北美，以至于费城 lost its charter ”，charter 是指英国颁发给海外殖民者，建立城市的特许状，其中规定了殖民城市所拥有的武装、税收等权力。
结合本段内容，墨西哥人是西班牙人加南美土著，他们来到德州，接纳了德州当地的土著，这些人相处是比较融洽的，他们通婚，文化上也融合。
但这群倒霉蛋后来碰上来种棉花的美国人，美国人就不那么友好了，通过武力强抢当地人的土地。那么一旦建立了 Texas ，美国人的 charter 是不太可能保障前者的权益的，他们在这个新建立的政权中，自然就成了少数派 minority 。
A 墨美人是当地人，而不是外来族群
B 墨美人在墨西哥时期的德州是统治阶层的一部分，美国人来了就不是了
C 十九世纪早期，是个非常模糊的范围，1800年其实是承认当地人权力的，1820年代美国人来了，情况开始转变，所以这个描述不清晰，不选
D 不能看出其他学者 misunderstood 了，也可能只是忽略了
E 看不出与西班牙更近还是印第安人更近，更类似于联合政府，西班牙换成美国就对了
3. Which of the following statements most clearly contradicts the information in this passage?
(A) In the early 1800‘s, the Spanish committed more resources to settling California than to developing Texas.
(B) While Texas was under Mexican control, the population of Texas quadrupled, in spite of the fact that Mexico discouraged immigration from the United States.
(C) By the time Mexico acquired Texas, many Indians had already married people of Spanish heritage.
(D) Many Mexicans living in Texas returned to Mexico after Texas was annexed by the United States.
(E) Most Indians living in Texas resisted Spanish acculturation and were either killed or enslaved.
选E
A 不一定，文中没说加州的事，无法判断
B quadurpled 四倍于，不能判断
C 墨西哥统治德州以前，当地人就与西班牙裔通婚，不能判断
D 美国吞并德州，很多墨西哥人逃回墨西哥，不能判断
E 多数印第安人反抗西班牙人的文化融合政策，被杀被奴役，这个正好说反了，是美国人动粗的，墨西哥统治德州时，当地人的待遇不错，还能参与城市管理，见句4
P2
1
The determination of the sources of copper ore used in the manufacture of copper and bronze artifacts of Bronze Age civilizations would add greatly to our knowledge of cultural contacts and trade in that era.
了解青铜时代的文明如何确定用来制造铜和青铜制品的铜矿石，会极大地帮助我们了解那个时代文明间的交流和贸易。
2
Researchers have analyzed artifacts and ores for their concentrations of elements, but for a variety of reasons, these studies have generally failed to provide evidence of the sources of the copper used in the objects.
研究者们已经分析过这些制品和矿石中各元素的含量，但由于种种原因，这些研究大多不能为铜的来源提供证据。
3
Elemental composition can vary within the same copper-ore lode, usually because of varying admixtures of other elements, especially iron, lead, zinc, and arsenic.
一处矿脉中的元素构成可能有差异，通常是因为混入了不同含量的其他元素，特别是铁，铅，锌，砷。
4
And high concentrations of cobalt or zinc, noticed in some artifacts, appear in a variety of copper-ore sources.
而在某些制品中可以观察到，某些铜矿石来源中钴或锌的含量高。
5
Moreover, the processing of ores introduced poorly controlled changes in the concentrations of minor and trace elements in the resulting metal.
而且，矿石的生产工艺显示，炼制出的金属中的微量元素含量的变化无法有效控制。
6
Some elements evaporate during smelting and roasting; different temperatures and processes produce different degrees of loss.
有些元素在熔炼和锻造过程中蒸发;不同的温度和工艺过程造成不同程度的损耗。
7
Finally, flux, which is sometimes added during smelting to remove waste material from the ore, could add quantities of elements to the final product.
最后，熔剂，加入到熔炼过程中用来从矿石中去除废料的一种物质，也会在成品中混入一定量的其他元素。
8
An elemental property that is unchanged through these chemical processes is the isotopic composition of each metallic element in the ore.
经过这些化学工艺，一个不变的性质是矿石中每种金属元素的同位素构成比例。
9
Isotopic composition, the percentages of the different isotopes of an element in a given sample of the element, is therefore particularly suitable as an indicator of the sources of the ore.
同位素构成，是某元素的一份样品中各种同位素所占的百分比，所以它特别适合作为鉴定矿石来源的指标。
10
Of course, for this purpose it is necessary to find an element whose isotopic composition is more or less constant throughout a given ore body, but varies from one copper ore body to another or, at least, from one geographic region to another.
当然，为了完成测定有必要找到这样一种元素，它在一块矿石中的同位素构成比例或多或少是稳定的，但在不同矿石，或不同地域出产的矿石中它的比例互相区别。
11
The ideal choice, when isotopic composition is used to investigate the source of copper ore, would seem to be copper itself.
当我们用同位素构成比例来调查铜矿石来源，理想的选择，似乎就是铜本身。
12
It has been shown that small but measurable variations occur naturally in the isotopic composition of copper.
我们已经知道铜的同位素构成在自然情况下会发生小但可测量的变化。
13
However, the variations are large enough only in rare ores; between samples of the common ore minerals of copper, isotopic variations greater than the measurement error have not been found.
然而，这种改变只有在稀有矿石中才足够大(可测量);普通铜矿物样本的同位素差异，一般都小于测量误差。
14
An alternative choice is lead, which occurs in most copper and bronze artifacts of the Bronze Age in amounts consistent with the lead being derived from the copper ores and possibly from the fluxes.
另一种选择是铅，在多数青铜时代的铜以及青铜制品中都含有铅，数量大体与铜矿石中的铅相当，也可能有部分来自熔剂。
15
The isotopic composition of lead often varies from one source of common copper ore to another, with variations exceeding the measurement error; and preliminary studies indicate virtually uniform isotopic composition of the lead from a single copper-ore source.
同类型来源的不同普通铜矿石中，铅的同位素比例通常不同，这种差异超过了测量误差的范围;且初步的研究显示，单一铜矿样本中的同位素比例实际上是一致的。
16
While some of the lead found in an artifact may have been introduced from flux or when other metals were added to the copper ore, lead so added in Bronze Age processing would usually have the same isotopic composition as the lead in the copper ore.
尽管有些制品中的铅可能来自于熔剂或熔炼铜矿过程中加入的其他金属，青铜时代工艺中这些被加入的铅，经常与铜矿中的铅有着相同的同位素比例。
17
Lead isotope studies may thus prove useful for interpreting the archaeological record of the Bronze Age. (473 words)
所以，铅的同位素研究可能帮助我们解释青铜时代的某些考古记录。
4. The author first mentions the addition of flux during smelting in the last sentencein the last paragraph in order to(在文章第14句)
(A) give a reason for the failure of elemental composition studies to determine ore sources
(B) illustrate differences between various Bronze Age civilizations
(C) show the need for using high smelting temperatures
(D) illustrate the uniformity of lead isotope composition
(E) explain the success of copper isotope composition analysis
选A
我们先回头看看句14，
“An alternative choice is lead, which occurs in most copper and bronze artifacts of the Bronze Age in amounts consistent with the lead being derived from the copper ores and possibly from the fluxes. ”
如果铅完全来自于矿石，那么是有追踪效果的。如果铅来自外加的物质，万一加入的铅的同位素构成，跟矿石中的铅的同位素构成数值差异很大，就可能干扰检测的结果，所以这里提出铅可能来自熔剂，是一种科学的保守，也就是 A 项描述。
For the following question, consider each of the choices separately and select all that apply
5. According to the passage, possible sources of the lead found in a copper or bronze artifact include which of the following?
□A The copper ore used to manufacture the artifact
□B Flux added during processing of the copper ore
□C Other metal added during processing of the copper ore
选ABC
句 14 告诉我们铜矿石中都含有铅，句16告诉我们熔炼过程中加入熔剂和其他金属，也可能带入了铅，所以选 ABC 。
6. Select the sentence in the passage that the author rejects copper as the “ideal choice” .
句13
“However, the variations are large enough only in rare ores; between samples of the common ore minerals of copper, isotopic variations greater than the measurement error have not been found. ”
我们要测量某种差异，测量过程中也一定会发生误差，只有当这种差异在相当程度上超过误差的规模时，我们才能采信这种结果。
比如我要回忆我跟我小学同桌的学习程度的对比，回忆的对象是期末考试分数，回忆可能存在几分的偏差。
假设我同桌学习特棒总是95左右，那么算上偏差她可能90-100分，而我一般都是75，算上偏差也不会到80以上，则这种对比是有明确结果的。
如果我们都是80分左右，则我的回忆完全不能比较我们的程度差异，也许我们该换一种方式，比如回母校查阅当年考试成绩的记录。
7. It can be inferred from the passage that the use of flux in processing copper ore can alter the lead isotope composition of the resulting metal EXCEPT when
(A) there is a smaller concentration of lead in the flux than in the copper ore
(B) the concentration of lead in the flux is equivalent to that of the lead in the ore
(C) some of the lead in the flux evaporates during processing
(D) any lead in the flux has the same isotopic composition as the lead in the ore
(E) other metals are added during processing
选D
非常好的逻辑题。
前面第 4 题，我们知道，要确定铜，我们用了铅，但是铅可能有外来一些干扰，题目问我们哪种情况下可以排除这种干扰，注意 EXCEPT 。
如果加入的铅在同位素构成比例上，和矿石中原有的铅相同，加多少也就无所谓，因为我要测的是同位素的衰减程度。
就好像我要研究80岁左右的老头，如果60年前混入我们研究范围的男青年也都是20岁，那么现在他们也80岁了，不影响我们调查80岁老头的结果。
P3
1
Echolocating bats emit sounds in patterns—characteristic of each species—that contain both frequency-modulated (FM) and constant-frequency (CF) signals.
回声定位的蝙蝠发出的声音有固定模式——每种蝙蝠各有不同——都包含 FM 和 CF 信号。
2
The broadband FM signals and the narrowband CF signals travel out to a target, reflect from it, and return to the hunting bat.
宽频 FM 信号和窄频 CF 信号到达一个目标，然后反射回来被猎食的蝙蝠接收。
3
In this process of transmission and reflection, the sounds are changed, and the changes in the echoes enable the bat to perceive features of the target.
在这个发射与接收的过程中声音有所改变，而回声中的这些变化使蝙蝠掌握目标的轮廓特征。
4
The FM signals report information about target characteristics that modify the timing and the fine frequency structure, or spectrum, of echoes—for example, the target‘s size, shape, texture, surface structure, and direction in space.
FM信号报告那些改变了时间和频率结构或者说回声声谱的目标结构特点——比如说，目标的大小，形状，结构，表面构造，在空间中的方向。
5
Because of their narrow bandwidth, CF signals portray only the target‘s presence and, in the case of some bat species, its motion relative to the bat‘s.
因为他们的窄波 CF 信号只表明有目标，至于某些种类的蝙蝠，它们 CF 信号的移动只跟蝙蝠的移动相关。
6
Responding to changes in the CF echo‘s frequency, bats of some species correct in flight for the direction and velocity of their moving prey. (150 words)
根据回声 CF 频率的改变，某些种类的蝙蝠可以修正飞行路线，在捕猎活动中调整方向和速度。
8. According to the passage, the information provided to the bat by CF echoes differs from that provided by FM echoes in which of the following ways?
(A) Only CF echoes alert the bat to moving targets.
(B) Only CF echoes identify the range of widely spaced targets.
(C) Only CF echoes report the target‘s presence to the bat.
(D) In some species, CF echoes enable the bat to judge whether it is closing in on its target.
(E) In some species, CF echoes enable the bat to discriminate the size of its target and the direction in which the target is moving.
选D
句 6 说到某些蝙蝠可以根据 CF 信号修正飞行路线，等于说它可以知道自己是否在接近猎物。
注意 only 在句中的位置，C 项目说只有 CF 报告目标的存在，但句 5 说的是“ CF 只报告目标存在”，这是完全不同的表述，举个类比，她只吃水果 vs 只有她吃水果，就很清楚其中的分别了。
9. Which of the following best describes the organization of the passage?
(A) A fact is stated, a process is outlined, and specific details of the process are described.
(B) A fact is stated, and examples suggesting that a distinction needs correction are considered.
(C) A fact is stated, a theory is presented to explain that fact, and additional facts are introduced to validate the theory.
(D) A fact is stated, and two theories are compared in light of their explanations of this fact.
(E) A fact is stated, a process is described, and examples of still another process are illustrated in detail.
选A
A fact is stated，蝙蝠发出的声音又固定模式;
a process is outlined，蝙蝠根据回传的 CF 和 FM 捕猎;
details are described，CF 和 FM 具体功能的区别。
P4
1
By far the most outstanding of American talented women sculptors during the twentieth century is Louise Nevelson, who in the eyes of many critics is the most original female artist alive today.
显然，美国二十世纪最才华出众的女雕塑家是 LN，许多评家认为她是仍健在的最有创造力的女性艺术家。
2
One famous and influential critic, Hilton Kramer, said of her work, “For myself, I think Ms. Nevelson succeeds where the painters often fail.” (55 words)
以为著名且有影响的评论家 HK 如此评价 LN 的作品，“我个人认为，画家通常难以做到的，LN 夫人能。”
10. The author quotes Hilton Kramer most probably in order to illustrate which of the following?
(A) The realism of Nevelson‘s work
(B) The unique qualities of Nevelson‘s style
(C) The extent of critical approval of Nevelson‘s work
(D) A distinction between sculpture and painting
(E) A reason for the prominence of women sculptors since the 1950‘s
选C
作者引述 HK 的话主要想说明啥：
A 雕塑家作品的 真实性/存在主义/现实主义/写实态度
B 雕塑家风格的独特之处
C 雕塑家作品好到了什么程度
D 雕塑和绘画的区别
E 1950哪来的呢?
奈维尔逊 [Nevelson, Louise]
原名路易丝·贝尔利亚夫斯基(Louise Berliavsky)。
(1899/1900.9.23?俄罗斯 基辅～1988.4.17,美国 纽约州 纽约市)
乌克兰出生的美国雕刻家。1905年全家移居美国缅因州。曾在纽约市艺术学生联合会学习，1931年在慕尼黑师从霍夫曼。她早期的具象的雕刻以相互连接的块状物和铸件(例如《古人像》，1932;《马戏团小丑》，1942)为特点，这些特点也是她后来的风格特征。20世纪50年代，她专门制作抽象作品;在此时期，她以大型、单色的抽象雕刻而闻名，这些作品由前面打开的一些木箱堆起几堵独立式的墙组成。在这些木箱里是一些能引起想像的抽象形状的物体与一些建筑碎片和其他铸件的混合。她把这些东西巧妙地安排起来，产生出一种神秘感(例如《教堂的天空》，1958;《寂静的音乐II》，1964)，然后再涂上单一的颜色，通常是黑色。她被认为是20世纪最杰出的雕刻家之一。
(大英袖珍百科)
(wikipedia >Louise Nevelson<)< p="">
P5
1
Until about five years ago, the very idea that peptide hormones might be made anywhere in the brain besides the hypothalamus was astounding.
直到大概 5 年前，这样的理论还使人颇为震惊：不止下丘脑，肽激素可能在脑的任意部位合成。
2
But laboratory after laboratory found that antiserums to peptide hormones, when injected into the brain, bind in places other than the hypothalamus, indicating that either the hormones or substances that cross-react with the antiserums are present.
但实验结果一再证明，当脑内被注射了抗肽激素血清，血清固结在除下丘脑以外的其他部位，意味着要么是激素，要么有其他与血清交叉反应的物质存在。
3
The immunological method of detecting peptide hormones by means of antiserums, however, is imprecise.
然而，这种通过血清检测肽激素的免疫学方法并不准确。
4
Cross-reactions are possible and this method cannot determine whether the substances detected by the antiserums really are the hormones, or merely close relatives.
交叉反应可能发生，而这方方法不能确定由血清检测出的物质到底是激素，还是单纯的近似相关物。
5
Furthermore, this method cannot be used to determine the location in the body where the detected substances are actually produced.
此外，这种方法不能用来确定检出的物质是在身体的什么部位合成的。
6
New techniques of molecular biology, however, provide a way to answer these questions.
比较而言，分子生物学的新技术为这些问题提供了一种解释。
7
It is possible to make specific complementary DNA‘s (cDNA‘s) that can serve as molecular probes to seek out the messenger RNA‘s (mRNA‘s) of the peptide hormones.
有可能利用特定的，互补性的 DNA (cDNA’s)，让它作为一种分子探测器找出肽激素的信使 RNA’s(mRNA‘s).
8
The brain cells containing these mRNA‘s can then be isolated and their mRNA‘s decoded to determine just what their protein products are and how closely the products resemble the true peptide hormones. (187 words)
含有这些 mRNA’s 的脑细胞可以被分离出来，而它们的 mRNA’s 也会被破解，并以此确定他们的蛋白质产物，以及它们和真正肽激素相似度几何。
11. Which of the following titles best summarizes the passage?
(A) Is Molecular Biology the Key to Understanding Intercellular Communication in the Brain?
(B) Molecular Biology: Can Researchers Exploit Its Techniques to Synthesize Peptide Hormones?
(C) The Advantages and Disadvantages of the Immunological Approach to Detecting Peptide Hormones
(D) Peptide Hormones: How Scientists Are Attempting to Solve Problems of Their Detection
(E) Peptide Hormones: The Role Played by Messenger RNA‘s in Their Detection
选D
不好读的一篇文章，抛开一切专业方面的障眼法，第一句话告诉我们，直到五年前，一种观点还是 astounding，惊人的，不容易让人相信的，后面所有的内容都是说实验室做了什么样的事来证明这个理论 idea ，也就是解决一个问题的结构。
所以，“ 肽激素：科学家们如何尝试解决它们的定位问题 ”，D 的标题是合适的。
12. The passage suggests that a substance detected in the brain by use of antiserums to peptide hormones may
(A) have been stored in the brain for a long period of time
(B) play no role in the functioning of the brain
(C) have been produced in some part of the body other than the brain
(D) have escaped detection by molecular methods
(E) play an important role in the functioning of the hypothalamus
选C
根据句 5 ：
Furthermore, this method cannot be used to determine the location in the body where the detected substances are actually produced.
不能确定位置，也就是说这种方法检出的物质，可能是其他身体部位产生的，最后运输到了脑部。
13. Which of the following is mentioned in the passage as a drawback of the immunological method of detecting peptide hormones?
(A) It cannot be used to detect the presence of growth regulators in the brain.
(B) It cannot distinguish between the peptide hormones and substances that are very similar to them.
(C) It uses antiserums that are unable to cross the blood-brain barrier.
(D) It involves a purification process that requires extensive training in endocrinology.
(E) It involves injecting foreign substances directly into the bloodstream.
选B
问免疫学方法的缺点，考点跟上一题完全一样。
