1. Just as the authors’ book on eels is often a key text for courses in marine vertebrate zoology, their ideas on animal development and phylogeny ____ teaching in this area.

(A) prevent

(B) defy

(C) replicate

(D) inform

(E) use

2. A recent survey shows that, while ninety-four percent of companies conducting management-training programs open them to women, women are ____ only seventy-four percent of those programs.

(A) protesting against

(B) participating in

(C) displeased by

(D) allowed in

(E) refused by

3. It has been argued that politics as ____ , whatever its transcendental claims, has always been the systematic organization of common hatreds.

(A) a theory

(B) an ideal

(C) a practice

(D) a contest

(E) an enigma

4. For centuries animals have been used as ____ for people in experiments to assess the effects of therapeutic and other agents that might later be used in humans.

(A) benefactors

(B) companions

(C) examples

(D) precedents

(E) surrogates

5. Although normally ____ , Alison felt so strongly about the issue that she put aside her reserve and spoke up at the committee meeting.

(A) diffident

(B) retiring

(C) contentious

(D) facetious

(E) presumptuous

(F) intrepid

6. Dominant interests often benefit most from ____ of governmental interference in business, since they are able to take care of themselves if left alone.

(A) intensification

(B) authorization

(C) centralization

(D) improvisation

(E) elimination

(F) abrogation

7. A misconception frequently held by novice writers is that sentence structure mirrors thought: the more convoluted the structure, the more ____ the ideas.

(A) complicated

(B) engaged

(C) essential

(D) fanciful

(E) inconsequential

(F) involved

8. In spite of the ____ nature of Scotland’s terrain, its main roads are surprisingly free from severe ____ .

Blank (i)	Blank (ii)
A mountainous	D grades
B unpredictable	E flooding
C landlocked	F damage

9. The sale of Alaska was not so much an American coup as a matter of ____ for an imperial Russia that was short of cash and unable to ____ its own continental coastline.

Blank (i)	Blank (ii)
A negligence	D defend
B custom	E change
C expediency	F reinforce

10. He felt it would be ____ , in view of the intense ____ that would likely follow, to make the sacrifice required in order to gain such little advantage.

Blank (i)	Blank (ii)
A unrealistic	D acclaim
B charitable	E turmoil
C welcomed	F encouragement

【答案与讲解】

1. Just as the authors’ book on eels is often a key text for courses in marine vertebrate zoology, their ideas on animal development and phylogeny ____ teaching in this area.

(A) prevent

(B) defy

(C) replicate

(D) inform

(E) use

翻译：正如作者关于鳗鱼的著作通常被视为海洋脊椎动物学的重要教科书，他们关于动物发展和进化史的观点也影响了该领域的教学。选D

just as 指示了句子中的类比关系。

eel 鳗鱼;

text 此句中指教科书textbook;

vertebrate脊椎动物(的);

phylogeny (【音】法医拉着你)生物进化史，种系发生史;

(phylogeny)一个种或类群的进化史，尤注重研究各大类群生物的世系及亲缘关系。种系发生史的基本观点是不同物种的动植物皆源自相同祖先。

(大英袖珍百科)

defy 公然违抗…，拒绝与…合作，不为…所动;

replicate 复制，重复，反折;

inform 赋予(某事物)其特征，贯穿，遍及;

2. A recent survey shows that, while ninety-four percent of companies conducting management-training programs open them to women, women are ____ only seventy-four percent of those programs.

(A) protesting against

(B) participating in

(C) displeased by

(D) allowed in

(E) refused by

终于碰到 while 的让步用法，容我先介绍下 while 和 when 这两个连词的指示特点。

WHEN

when conj

1

at or during the time that 在...时; 当...时:

It was raining when we arrived.

我们到的时候正在下雨. *

When he saw her, he waved.

他一看见她就摆了摆手. *

When visiting London I like to travel by bus.

我游览伦敦时喜欢坐公共汽车.

2

since; considering that 既然; 考虑到:

How can they learn anything when they spend all their spare time watching television?

他们把所有的空闲时间都用来看电视了, 还能学什麽东西呢?

(牛津高阶双解)

WHILE

while conj

1

(a) during the time that; when 在...期间; 当...的时候:

He fell asleep while (he was) doing his homework.

他做着做着功课就睡着了. *

While I was in Madrid there was a carnival.

我在马德里的时候正赶上狂欢节. *

While (locked up) in prison, she wrote her first novel.

她在狱中写出了第一部小说.

(b) at the same time as 与...同时:

While Mary was writing a letter, the children were playing outside.

玛丽写信时孩子都在外面玩儿. *

He listens to the radio while driving to work.

他去上班一边开着车一边听音乐. *

I lived in a hostel while I was a student.

我求学期间住在青年招待所里.

2

(used to show a contrast 用以表示对比或相反的情况):

I drink black coffee while he prefers it with cream.

我爱喝清咖啡而他喜欢加奶油的. *

English is understood all over the world while Turkish is spoken by only a few people outside Turkey itself.

英语世界通行, 但土耳其语离开本国就很少有人说了.

3

(fml 文) although 虽然:

While I admit that there are problems, I don’t agree that they cannot be solved.

尽管我承认有问题存在, 但我不同意说这些问题不能解决.

(牛津高阶双解)

结论：

0 when 和 while 做连词时，都可以表示“当…时”的概念;

1 when 有时可以引导弱因果关系，作“既然，考虑到，鉴于”解释;

2 while 有时可以引导对比关系，A如何“而”B不这样;

3 while 还可能引导让步关系，“尽管…(但)…”。

再看一遍本题：

2. A recent survey shows that, while ninety-four percent of companies conducting management-training programs open them to women, women are ____ only seventy-four percent of those programs.

(A) protesting against

(B) participating in

(C) displeased by

(D) allowed in

(E) refused by

翻译：最近有调查显示，尽管开设了管理培训的公司中，94%都对女性开放，但女性只参加了所有受访公司项目中的74%。选B

可以认为本题 while 引导了一种让步关系，做although讲。

选项都是基本词汇，但要努力避免干扰。

排除ACE的理由都是only，如果没有only，ACE都成立。

尽管94%对女性开放，但女性抗议 / 不开心 / 被拒绝——通顺;

尽管94%对女性开放，但只有74% 被女性抗议 / 使她们不开心 / 拒绝她们——就不通顺了。

排除D的理由是open，尽管94%开放但只有74%允许——矛盾，这种情况成立的前提是，尽管名义上94%允许但只有74%事实上允许，这层(名义上VS实际上)的意味我们在题目中是读不出的，如果你这样认为，说明你发散思维了，戒绝脑补，戒绝发散，面壁去吧。

3. It has been argued that politics as ____ , whatever its transcendental claims, has always been the systematic organization of common hatreds.

(A) a theory

(B) an ideal

(C) a practice

(D) a contest

(E) an enigma

翻译：有人认为zz，不管它那些超越经验的主张，具体到实践层面，都只是(怀着)共同憎恶(的人)的统合。选C

whatever 。

theory 理论;

ideal 理想，目标，典范;

practice 实践;

contest 竞争，驳斥;

enigma 谜，谜语;

transcendental 超验的。

考试思维：

无论它的那些超验的主张(如何)，zz作为 ____ ，都是共同仇恨的系统整合。transcendental claims 是关于经验、知识、理论的，所有跟经验、知识、理论有关的选项都排除，ABE就划掉了。

这种思维方式最高效也相当准确，可惜它通常帮不到不这么想的同学，读不懂句子的同学基本上无论如何也不会这么猜。我试着解释一遍句子，你理解了句子的含义再回头看看，也许就茅塞顿开了。

事后诸葛亮思维：

主语是 politics zz，zz的先验性主张指什么?

以公平和法制为例，都属于zz主张。我们需要知道交易双方的身份才倡导公平交易吗?显然不需要，任何交易都该保障它的公平性。我们追求的法制社会，是只保护低收入阶层，而不保护中产和富裕阶层吗?显然也不是，法律该保护任何一个社会成员的合法权利。这种脱离了对象，时间，空间，具体情境限制的主张，可以认为是一种先于经验的主张。

后半句说，politics has been the systematic organization of common hatreds，zz是共同仇恨(的人)的系统组织，怎么理解?

共和党人与民主党人互相攻击，蓝绿互相攻击，左派与右派互相攻击。简言之，zz就是一部分人用合法的方式憎恨和对抗另一部分人。人们走进一个zz团体，通常未必是因为什么共同的追求，只是有共同的敌人罢了。

再读一遍句子：

有人认为zz，不管它那些超越经验的主张(是什么)，具体到实践层面，都只是(怀着)共同憎恶(的人)的统合。

It has been argued that politics as practice , whatever its transcendental claims, has always been the systematic organization of common hatreds.

能理解为啥选practice了吗?

4. For centuries animals have been used as ____ for people in experiments to assess the effects of therapeutic and other agents that might later be used in humans.

(A) benefactors

(B) companions

(C) examples

(D) precedents

(E) surrogates

翻译：数百年来，为了评估医疗或其他制剂的效果，都会先进行动物实验，而后决定是否能够用于人类。选E

词汇题，空后面的内容都是用来解释空的。

benefactor 捐助人，施主;(老罗的版本把这个词翻译成“恩人”，我认为是不准确的。)

companion 同伴伴侣战友，(花钱雇佣的)陪护人，(成对或成套的)物品之一;

precedent 先例，惯例;

surrogate 替代的人或事物，代理人，代用品;

therapeutic 医疗的;

agent 产生某种效果或变化的力量或物质，作用物，(药 / 化学等)剂。

5. Although normally ____ , Alison felt so strongly about the issue that she put aside herreserve and spoke up at the committee meeting.

(A) diffident

(B) retiring

(C) contentious

(D) facetious

(E) presumptuous

(F) intrepid

翻译：尽管平时言行拘谨，但有感于事态严重，A还是在会议上通报了各位委员。选AB

although ; so … that …

put aside 暂时搁置或忘记某种情绪(反对，迟疑等)以解决某问题或争论;

If you put a feeling or disagreement aside, you forget about it or ignore it in order to solve a problem or argument.

We should put aside our differences and discuss the things we have in common.

We admitted that the attraction was there, but decided that we would put the feelingsaside.

(柯林斯高阶)

reserve 矜持，拘谨，自制;

diffident 缺乏自信的，持保留态度的;

retiring 保守害羞的(85题考过retiring离群索居的，隐退的);

contentious 有争议的，好(与他人)争执的;

facetious 幽默滑稽的，惹人发笑的(含贬义，指不恰当地引人发笑，比如讲荤段子);

presumptuous 过分的，放肆的;

intrepid 无畏的，勇猛坚定的。

单词题。

6. Dominant interests often benefit most from ____ of governmental interference in business,since they are able to take care of themselves if left alone.

(A) intensification

(B) authorization

(C) centralization

(D) improvisation

(E) elimination

(F) abrogation

翻译：大财团的自主能力很强，所以政府不再干涉经济的时候它们获益也最大。选EF

if 引导了假设 / 条件关系。

选项参照 left alone 。

interference 妨碍，干扰，介入;

intensification 强化;

authorization 授权，委任(状)，批准，认可;

improvisation 即兴创作，临事施宜(临时对付);

elimination 排除，淘汰，干掉;

abrogation 废止，宣布无效。

单词题。

7. A misconception frequently held by novice writers is that sentence structure mirrors thought: the more convoluted the structure, the more ____ the ideas.

(A) complicated

(B) engaged

(C) essential

(D) fanciful

(E) inconsequential

(F) involved

翻译：写作新手通常会有这样一个误解：句法结构能反映想法，即结构越复杂，观点也越复杂。选AF

the more … the more …，并列关系

mirror 类比

选 convoluted 的近义词。

complicated 复杂的，难懂的;

engaged 忙于…的，订了婚的，卷入…的，嵌入的;

essential 本质的，最重要的，要点(n.);

fanciful (人)富于幻想的，(事物)设计或装饰新颖奇特的;

inconsequential 无关紧要的(事物)，不合逻辑的;

involved 错综复杂的，纠缠的。

单词题。

8. In spite of the ____ nature of Scotland’s terrain, its main roads are surprisingly free from severe ____ .

Blank (i)	Blank (ii)
A mountainous	D grades
B unpredictable	E flooding
C landlocked	F damage

翻译：尽管苏格兰地势多山，但意外的是，它的主干道并没有很陡。选AD

in spite of 让步关系。

先看第二空，flooding下大雨泛滥，damage毁坏，从前面看不出任何相关信息，可轻易排除，此处的grades做“坡度”解释。

再看第一空，landlocked内陆的 首先排除，苏格兰靠海的，这个不是专业知识，这个是小学地理常识;考虑到后面有“坡度”，前面选多山的。

terrain 地形，地貌，地势，地带。

9. The sale of Alaska was not so much an American coup as a matter of ____ for an imperial Russia that was short of cash and unable to ____ its own continental coastline.

Blank (i)	Blank (ii)
A negligence