创新的定义

A convenient definition of innovation from an organizational perspective is given by Luecke and Katz (2003), who wrote: "Innovation is generally understood as the introduction of a new thing or method. Innovation is the embodiment, combination, or synthesis of knowledge in original, relevant, valued new products, processes, or services."

Innovation typically involves creativity, but is not identical to it: innovation involves acting on the creative ideas to make some specific and tangible difference in the domain in which the innovation occurs. For example, Amabile (1996) propose: "All innovation begins with creative ideas. We define innovation as the successful implementation of creative ideas within an organization. In this view, creativity by individuals and teams is a starting point for innovation; the first is necessary but not sufficient condition for the second".

For innovation to occur, something more than the generation of a creative idea or insight is required: the insight must be put into action to make a genuine difference, resulting in, for example, new or altered business processes within the organization, or changes in the products and services provided.

　　创新的特点

A further characterization of innovation is as an organizational or management process. For example, Davila (2006), write: "Innovation, like many business functions, is a management process that requires specific tools, rules, and discipline."

From this point of view, the emphasis is moved from the introduction of specific novel and useful ideas to the general organizational processes and procedures for generating, considering, and acting on such insights leading to significant organizational improvements in terms of improved or new business products, services, or internal processes.

创新者的八大特点

A 2005/6 MIT survey of innovation in technology found a number of characteristics common to innovators working in that field.

1. They are not troubled by the idea of failure.

2. They realize that failure can be learned from and that the "failed" technology can later be reused for other purposes.

3. They know innovation requires that one works in advanced areas where failure is a real possibility.

4. Innovators are curious about what is happening in a myriad of disciplines, not only their own specialism.

5. Innovators are open to third-party experiments with their products.

6. They recognize that a useful innovation must be "robust", flexible and adaptable.

7. Innovators delight in spotting a need that we don?t even know we harbor, and then fulfilling that need with a new innovation, and as such.

8. Innovators like to make products that are immediately useful to their first users.

想象力的概念

Imagination is the ability to form mental images, or the ability to spontaneously generate images within one?s own mind. It helps provide meaning to experience and understanding to knowledge; it is a fundamental facility through which people make sense of the world, and it also plays a key role in the learning process. A basic training for imagination is the listening to storytelling (narrative), in which the exactness of the chosen words is the fundamental factor to "evoke worlds".

It is accepted as the innate ability and process to invent partial or complete personal realms within the mind from elements derived from sense perceptions of the shared world. The term is technically used in psychology for the process of reviving in the mind percepts of objects formerly given in sense perception. Since this use of the term conflicts with that of ordinary language, some psychologists have preferred to describe this process as "imaging" or "imagery" or to speak of it as "reproductive" as opposed to "productive" or "constructive" imagination. Imagined images are seen with the "mind?s eye".

One hypothesis for the evolution of human imagination is that it allowed conscious beings to solve problems (and hence increase an individual?s fitness) by use of mental simulation.

　　八大关键学习方法

Some key study skills include:

1. Removing distractions and improving concentration

2. Maintaining a balance between homework and other activities

3. Reducing stress, such as that caused by test anxiety

4. Strategies for writing essays

5. Speed reading

6. Note-taking

7. Subject-specific study strategies

8. Preparing for exams

哲学与zz

Philosophers have forever been concerned with political and social matters. Not only have they asked how politics work but mainly, how they should work. These philosophers have been concerned with the nature and justification of political obligation and authority and the goals of political action. Although their doctrines have differentiated, and numerous have been utopian in concept, they have all shared the same ideas and convictions that it is the political philosopher?s duty to distinguish between what is and what ought to be, between existing political institutions and potentially more humane institutions. Throughout the centuries, philosophers have debated over the moral issues involved in the search for the ideal society. Three influential philosophers in this field have been Plato, John Locke and Karl Marx. Their philosophies and utopian states have continually influenced political actions and thoughts throughout the ages.

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