Trading on Campus
1. 学生摆摊、跳蚤市场、创意集市等校园交易受到大学生的欢迎
2. 有人认为校园交易是个好现象，也有人持相反观点
3. 我的看法
参考范文
Trading on Campus
Nowadays, trading on campus has become a fashion among students. The trade features the
sales of hand-made and second-hand stuff, such as baubles, clothing, textbooks and so on. This
new occurrence involving student-to-student transaction on campus attracts great public concern.
Those who applaud trading on campus believe it is a win-win solution for both buyers and
sellers. Students can get the things they need at an extremely low price or dispose of unnecessary
stuff for some pocket money. Besides, through campus trade, used stuff such as textbooks are
recycled and made the best of, which helps save resources. Another benefit of trading on campus
is convenience. You don’t have to go to a bookstore for reference books or go to a grocery for
daily necessities. However, there are others holding that campus should be a place for students to
acquire knowledge rather than make money. In addition, doing business is time-and
energy-consuming, which may adversely affect students’ study. Furthermore, trading on campus
may disturb the normal order in the university and be difficult to manage.
In my opinion, trading on campus offers a good opportunity to cultivate students’ business
sense while assuring the maximum efficiency of the stuff. Moreover, through trading, students can
share interests and exchange things they need. Therefore, trading on campus should be encouraged
under effective regulation.
阅读理解之选词填空
Directions: In this section, there is apassage with ten blanks. You are required to select one word for each blankfrom a list of choices given in a word bank following the passage. Read thepassage through carefully before making your choices. Each choice in the bankis identified by a letter. Please mark the corresponding letter for each itemon Answer Sheet 2 with a single line through the centre. You may not use any ofthe words in the bank more than once.
A novel way of making computer memories, using bacteria FOR half a century, the (1) __________of progress in the computer industry has been to do more with less.
Moore’s law famously observes that the number of transistors which can be crammed into a given space (2)__________ every 18 months.
The amount of data that can be stored has grown at a similar rate.
Yet as (3)__________ get smaller, making them gets harder and more expensive.
On May 10th Paul Otellini, the boss of Intel, a big American chipmaker, put the price of a new chip factory at around $10 billion.
Happily for those that lack Intel’s resources, there may be a cheaper option—namely to mimic Mother Nature,
who has been building tiny (4)__________, in the form of living cells and their components, for billions of years, and has thus got rather good at it.
A paper published in Small, a nanotechnology journal , sets out the latest example of the (5)__________.
In it, a group of researchers led by Sarah Staniland at the University of Leeds, in Britain, describe using naturally occurring proteins to make arrays of tiny magnets,
similar to those employed to store information in disk drives.
The researchers took their (6)__________ from Magnetospirillum magneticum, a bacterium that is sensitive to the Earth’s magnetic field thanks to the presence within its cells of flecks of magnetite, a form of iron oxide.
Previous work has isolated the protein that makes these miniature compasses. Using genetic engineering, the team managed to persuade a different bacterium—Escherichia coli, a ubiquitous critter that is a workhorse of biotechnology—to (7)__________ this protein in bulk.
Next, they imprinted a block of gold with a microscopic chessboard pattern of chemicals.
Half the squares contained anchoring points for the protein.
The other half were left untreated as controls.
They then dipped the gold into a solution containing the protein, allowing it to bind to the treated squares, and dunked the whole lot into a heated (8)__________ of iron salts.
After that, they examined the results with an electron microscope.
Sure enough, groups of magnetite grains had materialised on the treated squares, shepherded into place by the bacterial protein.
In principle, each of these magnetic domains could store the one or the zero of a bit of information, according to how it was polarised.
Getting from there to a real computer memory would be a long road.
For a start, the grains of magnetite are not strong enough magnets to make a useful memory, and the size of each domain is huge by modern computing (9)__________.
But Dr Staniland reckons that, with enough tweaking, both of these objections could be dealt with.
The (10)__________ of this approach is that it might not be so capital-intensive as building a fab.
Growing things does not need as much kit as making them.
If the tweaking could be done, therefore, the result might give the word biotechnology a whole new meaning.
A) components
B) advantage
C) standards
D) compliments
E) essence
F) inspiration
G) disadvantage
H) doubles
I) solution
J) resolution
K) devices
L) manufacture
M) spirit
N) product
O) technique
答案：1.E)essence
2.H)doubles
3.A)components
4.K)devices
5.O)technique
6.F)inspiration
7.L)manufacture
8.I)solution
9.C)standards
10.B)advantage
全文翻译
A novel way of making computer memories, using bacteria
制造计算机存储器的新奇方法：使用细菌
FOR half a century, the essence of progress in the computer industry has been to do more with less.
半个世纪以来，计算机产业发展的本质就是花钱更少，成事更多。
Moore’s law famously observes that the number of transistors which can be crammed into a given space doubles every 18 months.
摩尔定律的著名论断是：能够放入某空间内的晶体管数量每18个月翻一番。
The amount of data that can be stored has grown at a similar rate.
储存的数据也有着类似的增长速率，
Yet as components get smaller, making them gets harder and more expensive.
但是随着部件越来越小，它们的制造难度和成本也逐渐增加。
On May 10th Paul Otellini, the boss of Intel, a big American chipmaker, put the price of a new chip factory at around $10 billion.
5月10日，美国芯片巨头因特尔总裁兼CEOPaul Otellini宣布将花费上百亿美元建设新工厂。
Happily for those that lack Intel’s resources, there may be a cheaper option—namely to mimic Mother Nature,
对于不像因特尔那么有钱的厂家的好消息是，他们或许可以选择更便宜的方式—模拟大自然。
who has been building tiny devices, in the form of living cells and their components, for billions of years, and has thus got rather good at it.
对于大自然来说，她建造微小设备已经有数十亿年了，所以自然是信手拈来，当然，这些设备都是以活细胞和其组份的形式呈现。
A paper published in Small, a nanotechnology journal , sets out the latest example of the technique.
发表在纳米技术期刊《微小》的一篇论文描述了这一新技术的示例，
In it, a group of researchers led by Sarah Staniland at the University of Leeds, in Britain, describe using naturally occurring proteins to make arrays of tiny magnets,
该技术团队由英国利兹大学的Sarah Staniland领导，他们用自然生成的蛋白质让微型磁性材料进行排列，
similar to those employed to store information in disk drives.
这与磁盘驱动器上储存信息的磁性材料排序是类似的。
The researchers took their inspiration from Magnetospirillum magneticum, a bacterium that is sensitive to the Earth’s magnetic field thanks to the presence within its cells of flecks of magnetite, a form of iron oxide.
研究人员从趋磁细菌上获得了灵感，由于该细菌内部存在磁性颗粒，所以对地球磁场非常敏感。
Previous work has isolated the protein that makes these miniature compasses. Using genetic engineering, the team managed to persuade a different bacterium—Escherichia coli, a ubiquitous critter that is a workhorse of biotechnology—to manufacture this protein in bulk.
他们先要把制造这种微型罗盘的蛋白质分离出来，并采用基因工程技术设法让另一种细菌—大肠杆菌来批量生产这种蛋白质，而大肠杆菌在生物体内普遍存在，是生物工程中的常用苦力。
Next, they imprinted a block of gold with a microscopic chessboard pattern of chemicals.
然后他们用化学方法绘制微小的棋盘图案，
Half the squares contained anchoring points for the protein.
并把图案的每一块染成金黄色，
The other half were left untreated as controls.
每块区域的一半用该蛋白质做固定点，
They then dipped the gold into a solution containing the protein, allowing it to bind to the treated squares, and dunked the whole lot into a heated solution of iron salts.
另一半不做任何处理作为对照，再把这些金黄色的棋盘浸入含蛋白质的溶液中，并允许溶液中的蛋白质与棋盘上的固定蛋白质结合，最后把该棋盘全部浸入加热的铁盐溶液中。
After that, they examined the results with an electron microscope.
他们再用电子显微镜观察实验结果，
Sure enough, groups of magnetite grains had materialised on the treated squares, shepherded into place by the bacterial protein.
果然，棋盘上的固定蛋白质区域产生了成群的磁铁颗粒，并由细菌蛋白质控制在相应位置。
In principle, each of these magnetic domains could store the one or the zero of a bit of information, according to how it was polarised.
基本上每个磁域都能按极化的方式存储一个字节信息的1或0。
Getting from there to a real computer memory would be a long road.
但是要制成真正的计算机存储器还有很长的路要走，
For a start, the grains of magnetite are not strong enough magnets to make a useful memory, and the size of each domain is huge by modern computing standards.
首先对于可用的存储器来说，那些磁铁颗粒的磁性还不够强大，并且每个区域的尺寸对现在计算机标准来说太大了。
But Dr Staniland reckons that, with enough tweaking, both of these objections could be dealt with.
但Staniland认为，只要做些足够的调整，那些困难都将不是问题。
The advantage of this approach is that it might not be so capital-intensive as building a fab.
这种方法的好处就是不用像因特尔那样如此资源密集地去建造新工厂，
Growing things does not need as much kit as making them.
在制造不断发展的产品时也不需要同样多的设备，
If the tweaking could be done, therefore, the result might give the word biotechnology a whole new meaning.
所以，如果这种调整可以成功的话，生物技术将会有一个全新的定义。
阅读理解之快速阅读
Paper--More than Meets the Eye
A) We are surrounded by so much paper and card that it is easy to forget just how complex it is. There are many varieties and grades of paper materials, and whilst it is fairly easy to spot the varieties, it is far more difficult to spot the grades.
B) It needs to be understood that most paper and card is manufactured for a specific purpose, so that whilst the corn-flake packet may look smart, it is clearly not something destined for the archives. It is made to look good, but only needs a limited life span. It is also much cheaper to manufacture than high grade card.
C) Paper can be made from an almost endless variety of cellulose-based material which will include many woods, cottons and grasses or which papyrus is an example and from where we get the word "paper". Many of these are very specialized, but the preponderance of paper making has been from soft wood and cotton or rags, with the bulk being wood-based.
Paper from Wood
D) In order to make wood into paper it needs to be broken down into fine strands. Firstly by powerful machinery and then boiled with strong alkalies such as caustic soda, until a fine pulp of cellulose fibers is produced. It is from this pulp that the final product is made, relying on the bonding together of the cellulose into layers. That, in a very small nutshell, is the essence of paper making from wood. However, the reality is rather more complicated. In order to give us our white paper and card, the makers will add bleach and other materials such as china clay and additional chemicals.
E) A further problem with wood is that it contains a material that is not cellulose. Something called lignin. This is essential for the tree since it holds the cellulose fibres together, but if it is incorporated into the manufactured paper it presents archivists with a problem. Lignin eventually breaks down and releases acid products into the paper. This will weaken the bond between the cellulose fibers and the paper will become brittle and look rather brown and careworn. We have all seen this in old newspapers and cheap paperback books. It has been estimated that most paper back books will have a life of not greater than fifty years. Not what we need for our archives.
F) Since the lignin can be removed from the paper pulp during manufacture, the obvious question is "why is it left in the paper?" The answer lies in the fact that lignin makes up a considerable part of the tree. By leaving the lignin in the pulp a papermaker can increase his paper yield from a tree to some 95%. Removing it means a yield of only 35%. It is clearly uneconomic to remove the lignin for many paper and card applications.
G) It also means, of course, that lignin-free paper is going to be more expensive, but that is nevertheless what the archivist must look for in his supplies. There is no point whatsoever in carefully placing our valuable artifacts in paper or card that is going to hasten their demise. Acid is particularly harmful to photographic materials, causing them to fade and is some cases simply vanish!
H) So, how do we tell a piece of suitable paper or card from one that is unsuitable? You cannot do it by simply looking, and rather disappointingly, you cannot always rely on the label. "Acid-free" might be true inasmuch as a test on the paper may indicate that it is a neutral material at this time. But lignin can take years before it starts the inevitable process of breaking down, and in the right conditions it will speed up enormously.
I) Added to this, as I have indicated earlier, paper may also contain other materials added during manufacture such as bleach, china clay, chemical whiteners and size. This looks like a bleak picture, and it would be but for the fact that there are suppliers who will guarantee the material that they sell. If you want to be absolutely sure that you are storing in, or printing on, the correct material then this is probably the only way.
J) Incidentally, acids can migrate from material to material. Lining old shoe boxes with good quality acid-free paper will do little to guard the contents. The acid will get there in the end.
Paper from Rag
K) Paper is also commonly made from cotton and rag waste. This has the advantage of being lignin-free, but because there is much less cotton and rag than trees, it also tends to be much more expensive than wood pulp paper. You will still need to purchase from a reliable source though, since even rag paper and card can contain undesirable additives.
L) A reliable source for quality rag papers is a recognized art stockiest. Many water color artists insist on using only fine quality rag paper and board.
M) The main lesson to learn from this information is that you cannot rely on purchasing archival materials from the high street. The only safe solution is to purchase from specialist suppliers. It may cost rather more, but in the end you will know that your important and valuable data and images have the best home possible.
1. The corn-flake packet is cheaper than high grade card.
2. There are a lot of materials which can be used for making paper, but the superiority ones are soft wood, cotton and rags.
3. During the whole manufacturing process, the final product is made from a pulp of cellulose fibres.
4. In order to make white paper and card, the makers will add bleach.
5. Liguin is essential for the tree but it will make paper easy to break.
6. Many paper producers will preserve lignin during manufacture, because leaving the lignin will make more paper from a tree.
7. Acid is particularly harmful to photographic materials.
8. If the lignin is removed from the paper, the paper will be more expensive.
9. Although free of lignin, paper made from cotton and rag waste can also cost more money than wood pulp paper because there is much less cotton and rag than trees.
10. What we can learn from "Paper from Rag" is that you had better buy archival materials from specialist suppliers.
答案：本文主要介绍了我们平常所见所用的纸的复杂性，通过介绍用木头和破布料造纸的过程，使我们对纸的类别、属性有了更深入的了解。
1.B
根据题干中的信息提示词corn—flake packet,high grade card,可定位到文章第二段，该部分最后提到corn-flake packet在制造过程中比高等级的纸(high grade card)便宜.
2.C
根据题干中的信息提示词soft wood，cotton and rags，可定位到文章第三段最后一句。
3.D
根据题干中的信息提示词final product，可将答案定位到D段，第二、三句提到最后的产品来源于纤维素纸浆。
4.D
根据题干中的信息提示词white paper and card，可将答案定位到D段，该部分最后提到为了得到白纸，纸张生产者在制造过程中添加了漂白粉和其他化学物质。
5.E
根据题干中的信息提示词essential for the tree，可将答案定位到E段，该部分提到木质素是木头的主要组成物，其作用是凝聚纤维素，但它会使纸张变得易碎。
6.F
根据题干中的信息提示词lignin，可将答案定位到F段，该部分最后提到许多纸张生产者在生产过程中会保留木质素，主要是因为它会增加树木的造纸产量。
7.G
根据题干中的信息提示词acid，可将答案定位到G段，该部分最后提到酸对相纸的原料尤其不利。
8.F
根据题干中的信息提示词lignin和paper可定位到文章的F段，因为该段提到，如果在纸张的生产中去除木质素，将会降低树木出产纸张的量，由此可以知道，去除了木质素的纸张价格必定会更加昂贵。
9.K
根据题干中的信息提示词cotton and rag waste可定位到文章的K段，该部分告诉我们，尽管用棉花和破布料造的纸里没有木质素，但它们要比木制的纸贵很多，这是因为棉花和破布料的数量比树木少得多，由此可以得出答案。
10.M根据题干中的信息提示词Paper from Ra9可定位到文章的最后一段，该部分提出最好到专业的供应商那里去买档案材料，由此可以得出答案。
阅读理解之仔细阅读
It being not only possible but even easy to predict which ten-year-old boys are at greatest risk of growing up to be persistent offenders, what are we doing with the information? Just about the last thing that we should do is to wait until their troubles have escalated in adolescence and then attack them with the provisions of the new Criminal Justice Bill.
If this bill becomes law, magistrates will have the power to impose residential care orders. More young people will be drawn into institutional life when all the evidence shows that this worsens rather than improves their prospects. The introduction of short sharp shocks in detention centers will simply give more young people a taste of something else they don’t need; the whole regime of detention centers is one of toughening delinquents, and if you want to train someone to be anti-establishment, “I can’t think of a better way to do it,” says the writer of this report.
The Cambridge Institute of Criminology comes up with five key factors that are likely to make for delinquency: a low income family a large family, parents deemed by social workers to be bad at raising children, parents who themselves have a criminal record, and low intelligence in the child. Not surprisingly, the factors tend to overlap. Of the 63 boys in the sample who had at least three of them when they were ten, half became juvenile delinquents—compared with only a fifth of the sample as a whole.
Three more factors make the prediction more accurate: being judged troublesome by teachers at the age of ten, having a father with at least two criminal convictions and having another member of the family with a criminal record. Of the 35 men who had at least two of these factors in their background 18 became persistent delinquents and 8 more were in trouble with the law.
Among those key factors, far and away the most important was having a parent with a criminal record, even if that had been acquired in the distant past, even though very few parents did other than condemn delinquent behavior in their children.
The role of the schools emerges as extremely important. The most reliable prediction of all on the futures of boys came from teachers’ ratings of how troublesome they were at the age of ten. If the information is there in the classroom there must be a response that brings more attention to those troublesome children: a search for things to give them credit for other than academic achievement, a refusal to allow them to go on playing truant, and a fostering of ambition and opportunity which should start early in their school careers.
1.According to the author, delinquency should be tackled ___.
A.before adolescence
B.during institutional treatment
C.during adolescence
D.when the problem becomes acute
2.The number of young offenders could be reduced by the way of ___.
A.new legal measures
B.better residential care
C.brief periods of harsh punishment
D.examination of their backgrounds
3.What is the outcome result of putting young offenders into detention centers?
A.They become more violent
B.They receive useful training
C.They become used to institutions
D.They turn against society
4.Ten-year-old children likely to become offenders are usually___.
A.spoilt children from small families.
B.bright children in a poor family.
C.dull children with many brothers and sisters.
D.children whose parents have acquired wealth dishonestly.
5.The writer concludes that potential offenders could be helped by ___.
A.spending more time at school
B.more encouragement at school
C.more activities outside school
D.stricter treatment from teachers
答案：ADDCB
阅读理解之仔细阅读
What does the future hold for the problem of housing? A good deal depends, of course, on the meaning of “future”. If one is thinking in terms of science fiction and the space age, it is at least possible to assume that man will have solved such trivial and earthly problems as housing. Writers of science fiction, from H.G. Wells onwards, have had little to say on the subject. They have conveyed the suggestion that men will live in great comfort, with every conceivable apparatus to make life smooth, healthy and easy, if not happy. But they have not said what his house will be made of. Perhaps some new building material, as yet unimagined, will have been discovered or invented at least. One may be certain that bricks and mortar(泥灰，灰浆) will long have gone out of fashion.
But the problems of the next generation or two can more readily be imagined. Scientists have already pointed out that unless something is done either to restrict the world’s rapid growth in population or to discover and develop new sources of food (or both), millions of people will be dying of starvation or at the best suffering from underfeeding before this century is out. But nobody has yet worked out any plan for housing these growing populations. Admittedly the worst situations will occur in the hottest parts of the world, where housing can be light structure or in backward areas where standards are traditionally low. But even the minimum shelter requires materials of some kind and in the teeming, bulging towns the low-standard “housing” of flattened petrol cans and dirty canvas is far more wasteful of ground space than can be tolerated.
Since the war, Hong Kong has suffered the kind of crisis which is likely to arise in many other places during the next generation. Literally millions of refugees arrived to swell the already growing population and emergency steps had to be taken rapidly to prevent squalor(肮脏)and disease and the spread crime. The city is tackling the situation energetically and enormous blocks of tenements(贫民住宅)are rising at an astonishing aped. But Hong Kong is only one small part of what will certainly become a vast problem and not merely a housing problem, because when population grows at this rate there are accompanying problems of education, transport, hospital services, drainage, water supply and so on. Not every area may give the same resources as Hong Kong to draw upon and the search for quicker and cheaper methods of construction must never cease.
1. What is the author’s opinion of housing problems in the first paragraph?
A. They may be completely solved at sometime in the future.
B. They are unimportant and easily dealt with.
C. They will not be solved until a new building material has been discovered.
D. They have been dealt with in specific detail in books describing the future.
2. The writer is sure that in the distant future ____.
A. bricks and mortar will be replaced by some other building material.
B. a new building material will have been invented.
C. bricks and mortar will not be used by people who want their house to be fashionable.
D. a new way of using bricks and mortar will have been discovered.
3. The writer believes that the biggest problem likely to confront the world before the end of the century ___.
A. is difficult to foresee.
B. will be how to feed the ever growing population.
C. will be how to provide enough houses in the hottest parts of the world.
D. is the question of finding enough ground space.
4. When the writer says that the worst situations will occur in the hottest parts of the world or in backward areas, he is referring to the fact that in these parts ___.
A. standards of building are low.
B. only minimum shelter will be possible.
C. there is not enough ground space.
D. the population growth will be the greatest.
5. Which of the following sentences best summarizes Paragraph 3?
A. Hong Kong has faced a serious crisis caused by millions of refugees.
B. Hong Kong has successfully dealt with the emergency caused by millions of refugees.
C. Hong Kong’s crisis was not only a matter of housing but included a number of other problems of population growth.
D. Many parts of the world may have to face the kind of problems encountered by Hong Kong and may find it much harder to deal with them.
参考答案：
AABDD
翻译题
现代中国人的姓名通常由姓(家庭姓氏)和名(个人所起的名字)组成，并且姓在前，名在后。因此，王小平被称为王先生，个人的名字为小平。但是，在中国古代，起名字非常复杂。一个人通常有好几个名字，包括姓、氏、名、字，每一个都表达不同的意思。姓和氏演变为现在的姓，名和字则演变为现在的名。现在人们通常用姓氏来指一个人的姓，用名字来指一个人所起的名。对中国古代文献的研究表明，“姓”最初指不同的母系部落(matriarchal tribes)的名字，和人们的居住地也有某些关系。研究表明，“姓”出现于母系社会时期，大约四千至五千年之前。
参考答案：
A modern Chinese usually has a surname (family name) or xing and a given name
(first name), or ming (or mingzi), always in that order. Thus Wang Xiaoping is Mr. Wang
with the personal name Xiaoping. In ancient China, however, naming was very complicated
and one person usually had several names, including xing, shi, ming, and zi. Each of these
four words meant a different thing. Xing and shi together formed today’s surname, and ming
and zi today’s given name. Nowadays, people use xingshi to refer to a person’s surname,
mingzi to refer to one’s give name. Study of ancient Chinese documents shows that xing
originally referred to the names of different matriarchal tribes. It also had something to do
with the place where people live. Researches show that xing came into being during the
matrilineal society period, around four or five thousand years ago.
