Section V Translation (10points)

Directions: In this section there is a passage in English. Translate the five sentences underlined into Chinese and write your translation on the ANSWER SHEET2.

Genius is something that is difficult to measure to measure quantitatively since it is a unique quality, although most of us can recognize genius when we see it or hear it. (71)By contrast intelligence is possibly easier to quantify and like genius is a polygenic①character that can be moulded ②by the environment.

Intelligence is a qualitative trait, which does have a genetic component, but it has a single dimension of expression.(72)There are several limitations in measuring intelligence by a linear③scale ranging from dull to bright, since individuals differ greatly in their genotypes ④.Any number of gene combination may predispose an individual to musical genius, or to painting ,or to designing computer programs, etc. The possession of any one of these abilities may or may not be associated with another. Moreover, the same genotype may be expressed in markedly different ways in markedly different environments.

(73)For example, intelligence quotient test scores vary considerably with illness and disease, educational, social and economic levels—even the skin color of the examiner conducting the IQ test may have a significant effect! There is also difficulty in deciding what intelligence should be applied to lean? Is it related to the enquiring mind or to motivation?

Consequently comparisons between an IQ test given to a University student and to an Aborigine in Australia will give meaningless results, since the test is most unlikely to measure the same behavior.(74)Not only are the genotypes and the environments of these two individuals totally different, but their motivations for achievement in particular activities will be different.

Indeed, as some articles, which the problems mentioned above show, people who believe they can estimate genetic and environmental contributions to differences in intelligence between races are statistically naïve.

(75)If some races or social groups in the human population can be inferior in intelligence, it opens up the possibility that some segregationists or politicians could bring in legislation or policies to suppress or even eliminate such races or groups in the population.

History certainly shows that this suggestion is quite likely when ruthless are in positions of power.

Can you see why the false scientific conclusions could become dangerous socially and politically?

Notes:

(1) Polygenic: having many genes

(2) Mould: to shape or form

(3) Linear: of lines

(4) Genotypes: types of gene

(71)相反，智力也许更容易量化，而且它像天赋一样，具有一种能够被环境塑造的多基因特征。

(72)因为各人在基因类型上有很大的差异，所以用一种从愚昧到聪明的直线性尺度来衡量智力是有一定的局限性的。

(73)比方说，智商测验的得分，会由于疾病状况、教育程度、社会和经济水平而有很大的差异，甚至实施智商测验的主考人的肤色也会对得分有重大的影响。

(74)这两个人不仅是基因类型和生活环境完全不同，而且他们完成某些活动的动机也极不相同。

(75)如果人类中某些种族或社会群体在智力上是劣等的，那么就会使某些种族隔离主义者或政客有可能去制定法律或政策来压迫，甚至消灭这些种族和群体。