19．The current passion for making children compete against their classmates or against the clock produces a two-layer system, in which competitive A-types seem in some way better than their B-type fellows.

    目前，热衷于让孩子与同学竞争或与时间赛跑造成了一种双重体制，在这种体制中，竞争性的A型学生在某些方面似乎比B型的学生要好。

    分隔结构

    1． The only way I know of dealing with this general human conceit is to remind ourselves that man is a brief episode in the life of a small planet in a little corner of the universe, and that for aught we know, other parts of the cosmos may contain beings as superior to ourselves as we are to jellyfish.

    对付这种一般人都存在的自负，我所知道的唯一方法，就是提醒我们自己：人类仅是宇宙一角内一个小行星的生命中的一个短暂插曲；宇宙的其他部分可能存在着比我们更高级的生命，就像我们比水母更为高级一样，但对此我们也未可知。

    2. The willingness to recognize the value of these newer “unscientific” ways of doing science may be another instance of the human ability to adapt and to survive, of which we spoke earlier.

    愿意承认利用这些较新的“非科学的”方法从事科学研究的价值，也许是人类适应能力和生存能力的又一例证，关于这些能力我们前面已经谈到。

3.The second aspect is the application by all members of society from the government official to the ordinary citizen, of the special methods of thought and action that scientists use in their work.

    第二个方面是，社会的所有成员，从政府官员到普通居民，都应用科学家在研究中使用的特殊的思维方式和行为方式。

    4. Observations have been made of the children at the beginning and the end of the preschool and the first grade.

    对孩子们在学前和一年级阶段的最初和结束时的情况进行了观察。