Section TV Translation
Directions:
In this section there is a passage in English. Translate the five sentences underlined into Chinese and write your translation on ANSWER SHEET 2. (20 points)
Researchers have studied the poor as individuals, as families and households, as members of poor communities, neighborhoods and regions, as products of larger poverty creating structures. 61) They have been analyzed as victims of crime and criminals, as members of minority cultures, as passive consumers of mass culture and active producers of a “counterculture”, as participants in the informal economy, as invertors of survival strategies, as an economic burden and as a reserve army of labor- to mention just some of the preoccupations of poverty research.
62) The elites (精英分子), who occupy the small upper stratum within the category of the non-poor, and their functions in the emergence and reproduction of poverty are as interesting and important an object for poverty research as are the poor themselves. The elites have images of the poor and of poverty which shape their decisions and actions. So far, little is known about those images, except as they are sketchily portrayed in popular stereotypes. The elites may well ignore or deny the external effects of their own actions (and omissions) upon the living conditions of the poor. Many social scientists may take a very different view. As poverty emerged and was reproduced, legal frameworks were created to contain the problems it caused with profound, and largely unknown consequences for the poor themselves. In general, political, educational and social institutions tend to ignore or even damage the interests of the poor. 63) In constructing a physical infrastructure for transport industry, trade and tourism, the settlements of the poor are often the first to suffer or to be left standing and exposed to pollution, noise and crowding.
64) Most important are the economic functions of poverty, as for lack of other options the poor are forced to perform activities considered degrading or unclean; the poor are more likely to buy second-hand goods and leftover foodstuffs, thus prolonging their economic utility. They are likely to use the services of low-quality doctors, teachers and lawyers whom the non-poor shy away from. 65) Poverty and the poor serve an important symbolic function, in reminding citizens of the lot that may befall those who do not heed the values of thrift, diligence and cleanliness, and of the constant threat that the rough, the immoral and the violent represent for the rest to society.
Physically, the poor and the non-poor are often kept apart, through differential land use and ghettoization. Socially, they are separated through differential participation in the labor market, the consumption economy, and in political, social and cultural institutions. Conceptually, they are divided through stereotyping and media cliché. This separation is even more pronounced between the elites and the poor.
Section V Writing
Directions:
Study the following charts carefully and write an essay in which you should
1) describe the chart briefly,
2) interpret the causes of it, and
3) give your comment on the tendency.
Your composition should be more than 150 words. You should write your composition neatly on ANSWER SHEET 2. (20 points)
The Changes of Employment of University Graduates
1992 2002
7% : graduate school 10%: graduate
18%: private firms 15%: state-owned firms
25%: joint-venture 25%: joint-venture
50%: state-owned firms 50%: private firms
Translation
61. 他们(穷人)也被分析为罪行的受害者和罪犯、少数民族文化的成员、大众文化的被动消费者和“反文化”的积极制造者、非正规经济的参与者、生存策略的发明者、一种经济负担、劳动力储备大军等——所举这些知识贫困研究所涉及的部分预职业。
62. 精英分子以及他们在贫困的产生和重视过程中的作用也是研究贫困问题的一个有趣和重要的对象，就像穷人本身一样，这些精英分子在不穷的人中占据了为数不多的上层地位。
63. 在建设交通、工业、贸易和旅游业基础设施时，穷人的居住地经常先成为受害地区，被置于污染、噪声和拥堵的环境中。
64. 更重要的是贫穷产生的经济影响，由于穷人缺乏其他选择，他们被迫从事那些下等或肮脏的工作;穷人更可能购买二手货，吃废弃食品，因此延长了这些东西的经济效益。
65. 贫穷和穷人起着一个重要的象征作用，它提醒人们，贫穷的命运可能降临那些忽视节俭、勤劳和廉洁美德的人，并警示一种持久的威胁，即对社会其他人的那些粗野、不道德以及暴力行为。
WritingAs can be seen from the above charts, some important changes have taken place in the past years with regard to the employment of university graduates. In 1992, about 50% of the university graduates found suitable positions in state-owned firms, while only 18% of them were working in private firms. However, in 2002, private firms took almost 50% of graduates, while only 15% of them were willing to work in state-owned firms.
It is no difficult job for us to come up with some possible factors that underlie the above changes. In the first place, most state-owned firms were still operated under planned economy, whose economic condition was not as good as expected. Therefore, fewer and fewer university graduates wanted to find jobs in state-owned firms. In the second place, private firms were run under market-oriented economy. There were flexible systems in private firms, in which university graduates were more likely to apply what they had learned in school to their work. Thus they could have more chances to be promoted, as they were willing to work in private firms.
From what has been discussed so far, I think that the employment situation in the state-owned firms won’t change much so long as the state-owned firms don’t change their system. And it can be predicted that the present situation will continue for quite a while in the near future.
