F
Factors of production 生产要素
The inputs used to produce goods and services
Federal Reserve (Fed) 联邦储备
The central bank of the United States
Fiat money 法定货币
Money without intrinsic value that is used as money because of government decree
Financial intermediaries 金融中介机构
Financial institutions through which savers can indirectly provide funds to borrowers
Financial markets 金融市场
Financial institutions through which savers can directly provide funds to borrowers
Financial system 金融体系
The group of institutions in the economy that help to match one person’s saving with another person’s investment
Fisher effect 费雪效应
The one-for-one adjustment of the nominal interest rate to the inflation rate
Fixed cost 固定成本
Costs that do not vary with the quantity of output produced
Fractional-reserve banking 部分准备金银行体系
A banking system in which banks hold only a fraction of deposits as reserves
Free rider 搭便车者
A person who receives the benefit of a good but avoids paying for it
Factor demand 要素需求
The amount of an input demanded by a firm, given the price of the input and the quantity of output being produced; an input will be demanded up to the point where the value of the input’s marginal product equals the price of theinput
Federal government structure 联邦政府结构
A system in which government activity takes place at several levels--national, state, county, city, and others
Firm wealth effect 厂商的财富效应
lower prices or lower demand cause firms’ profits and net worth to fall, and this makes them less willing to undertake the risks involved with investment
Fiscal policies 财政政策
policies that affect the level of government expenditures and taxes
Fixed exchange rate system 固定汇率体系
An exchange rate system in which the value of each currency is fixed in relationship to other currencies
Flexible exchange rate system 浮动汇率体系
A system in which exchange rates are determined by market forces, the law of supply and demand, without government interference
Fixed or overhead inputs 不变投入或分摊投入
inputs that do not change depending on the quantity of output, at least over the short term
Flow statistics 流量统计
measurements of a certain rate of quantity per period of time, such as GDP, which measures output per year
Full-employment deficit 充分就业赤字
The budget deficit that would have prevailed if the economy were at full employment, thus with higher tax revenues and lower public assistance expenditures
Full-employment output/ potential output 充分就业产出或潜在产出
The level of output that would prevail if labor were fully employed (output may exceed that level if workers work more than the normal level of overtime)