rationing systems 配给制
ways of distributing goods that do not rely on prices, such as queues, lotteries, and coupons
real balance effect 实际余额效应
as prices fall, the real value of people’s money holdings increases, and they consume more
real business-cycle theorists 实际经济周期理论家
a school of economists who contend that the economy’s fluctuations have nothing to do with monetary policy but are determined by real forces
real income 实际收入
income measured by what it can actually buy, rather than by the amount of money
real product wage 实际产品工资
the wage divided by the price of the good being produced
regulatory capture 管制俘虏
a term used to describe a situation in which regulators serve the interests of the regulated rather than the interests of consumers
relative performance compensation 相对表现补偿
pay (compensation) based on performance on the job relative to others who have similar responsibilities and authority
rent seeking 寻租
the name given to behavior that seeks to obtain benefits from favorable government decisions, such as protection from foreign competition
revenue curve 收益曲线
the relationship between a firm’s total output and its revenue
revenues 收益
the amount a firm receives for selling its products, equal to the price received multiplied by the quantity sold
right-to-work laws 工作权利法
laws that prevent union membership from being a condition of employment
risk averse / loving / neutral 厌恶风险/喜爱风险/中性风险
given equal expected returns and different risks risk averse people will choose assets with lower risk, risk loving people will choose assets with higher risk, and risk-neutral individuals will not care about differences in risk
risk premium 风险收益
the additional interest required by lenders as compensation for the risk that a borrower may default; more generally, the extra return required to compensate an investor