核心语法
核心语法部分的考试难点聚焦在：动词的时态、语态、非谓语动词和主谓一致;三大从句：
名词性从句、形容词性从句、副词性从句;以及一些特殊结构：倒装、强调、虚拟语气和独立
主格。本章将从词法，句法和特殊结构三个方面讲解。
一、动词时态
第一节
词法部分
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习题演练
1. Our boss, Mr. Thompson, ______ a raise in salary for ages, but nothing has happened yet.
A. was promising B. has been promising
C. promised
D. has promised
2. By the middle of the 21st century, the vast majority of the world’s population ______ in cities rather
than in the country.
A. are living B. will be living
C. have lived D. will have lived
3. Even if his letter ______ tomorrow, it ______too late to do anything.
A. will arrive, is B. should arrive, were
C. arrives, will be D. arrives, would be
4. The train ______ when we hurried to the railway station.
A. has left B. left C. was left D. had left
5. You should have put the milk into the ice box, I expect it ______undrinkable.
A. became B. had become
C. has become D. becomes
6. — Did you expect Frank to come to the party?
— No, but I had hoped_____.
A. him coming B. that he comes C. that he would come D. that he had come
7. When he was alive, the old scientist used to say that knowledge ______ from practice and he gained
his experience by doing a lot of practical work.
A. was coming B. had come C. would come D. comes
8. The plane ______ at 7:00 p.m., so I have to be at the airport by 6:40 at the latest.
A. has left B. is to leave
C. will have left D. leaves
参考答案:BBCDCCDD
重点总结
1. 常考的动词时态和用法
【时态难点】
现在完成时
(1) 强调动作的影响
(2)强调动作或状态的延续
(3)强调动作的次数
I have got married.
I have been married for 10 years.
I have attended weddings many times.
现在完成进行时强调动作从过去开始到现在，还在继续延续下去。
We have been taking her class for more than 10 hours.
过去将来完成时强调对过去的猜测或者是遗憾，责备。
If you had prepared earlier, you would have passed the exam.
2.一般将来时的特殊表达方式
二、动词语态
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习题演练
1. It turned out that the children were not ______ for the accident.
A. to blame B. to be blamed
C. to be blaming D. blaming
2. Great as Newton was, many of his ideas ______ today and are being modified by the work of
scientists of our time.
A. are to challenge B. may be challenged
C. have been challenged D. are challenging
3. The bridge ______at the moment, so we had to take another way.
A. had been repaired B. was repaired
C. would have been repaired
D. was being repaired
4. — What do you think of the book?
— Oh, excellent. It is worth ______a second time.
A. to read B. to be read C. reading D. being read
5. ______good, the roast turkeys______ well.
A. Tasting, sell B. Tasted, are sold
C. They are tasting, sell D. They are tasted, sell
6. ______in 1955, Disneyland in California is regarded by many original fun parks.
A. Opened B. Having opened C. Opening D. Being opened
7. It is said that a new robot ______by him in a few days.
A. designed
C. will be designed
B. has been designed
D. will have been designed
8. The bank is reported in the local newspaper ________in broad daylight yesterday.
A. to be robbed
C. robbed
参考答案:ACDCAACB
B. to have been robbed
D. having been robbed
重点总结
1. 被动语态: 主语是动作的承受者：动词形式如图所示(以 make 为例)：
The Great Hall of People was built in 1959.
Your bicycle is being repaired.
The child was being examined by the doctor when they came in.
Your car is going to be mended in an hour.
2.不能用被动语态的几种情况
(1) 所有的不及物动词或不及物动词词组不能用于被动语态之中,因为没有宾语可以做被动
语态的主语。
A funny thing happened in our school.
(2) 表示状态的谓语动词，如：last, hold, benefit, contain, equal, fit, join, mean, last, look like,
consist of 等。
The room can hold 10 people.
This dress fits you very well.
(3) 表示归属的动词，如 have, own, belong to, possess 等。
She hasn’t got blue eyes.
Our boss possesses great wealth.
(4) 表示“希望、意图”的动词，如：wish, want, hope, like, love, hate 等。
We wish you a good journey.
You are wished a good journey by us. (wrong)
(5) 宾语是反身代词或相互代词时谓语动词用主动语态，不能用被动语态。
They help each other.
He taught himself English at the age of 50.
(6) 有些动词以其主动形式表示被动意义，特别是当主语是物时，常见的动词有 sell, taste,
smell, feel, sound 等
The book sells well. It tastes good.
(7) 宾语是主语(某人)身体的某一部分或器官的句子.
I cut my finger just now.
He shook his head.
He laid his hand on the table.
三、非谓语动词
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习题演练
1. Setting up a committee might be a way ______ the project more efficiently.
A. to be doing B. doing C. to do D. being done
2. He forgot about ______him to attend my wife’s birthday party.
A. I asking
B. my asking C. me to ask
D. mine to ask
3. Nowhere in nature is aluminum found free, owing to its always ______ with other elements, most
commonly with oxygen.
A. being combined B. having combined C. to combine D. combined
4. More highways have been built in China, ______it much easier for people to travel from one place
to another.
A. making B. made C. to make D. having made
5. ______by the advances in technology, many housewives have set up small online businesses.
A. Being encouraged B. Encouraging
C. Encouraged D. Having encouraged
6. Please remain_____; the winner of the prize will be announced soon.
A. seating B. seated C. to seat D. to be seated
参考答案:CBAACB
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重点总结
定义：非谓语动词(Non-restrictive Verbs) 就是不用作谓语的动词)没有人称和数的变化。
包括动词不定式、动名词、分词三种。需要注意的地方如下：
(1) 只接不定式，不能接动名词作宾语的词如下：afford, agree, arrange, ask, care, choose,
decide, demand, determine, expect, fail, help, hesitate, hope, long(渴望)，manage, offer, plan,
prepare, pretend, promise, refuse, want, wish.
(2) 动名词可做动词的宾语和介词的宾语。常见只接动名词做宾语的动词和短语如下：
admit, advise, allow, avoid, cannot help, consider, delay, enjoy, finish, give up, imagine, keep,
keep on, mind, miss, put off, permit, practice, resist, suggest.
(3) 现在分词可以做时间状语、原因状语、结果状语、伴随状语、方式状语。
Having finished his homework, the boy was allowed to watch TV. (时间状语)
Living in the country, we had few amusements. (原因状语)
We opened the window, letting the fresh air in. (结果状语)
The children ran out of the room, laughing and talking merrily. (伴随状语)
Holding his head high, he walked past the enemies. (方式状语)
(4) 一些现在分词往往作为句子的独立成分来修饰全句，表明说话者的态度和观点。常见
的有 generally speaking, strictly speaking, roughly speaking, broadly speaking, narrowly speaking,
judging from/by (由...判断)等。
(5) 过去分词在句中作状语表示时间、原因、条件、方式或伴随等，相当于一个状语从句。
Seen under a microscope, a fresh snowflake has a delicate six-pointed shape. (时间状语)
If given more time, he could have done the work much better. (条件状语)
The soldiers lay on the ground, covered with nothing. (方式状语)
The prisoners worked on the farm, watched by the guard. (伴随状语)
(6) 动名词的两种语态:主动式: doing, having done
被动式:being done, having been done.
① No one can avoid ______by advertisements.
A. influenced B. influencing C. to influence
② Susan was very unhappy for not _______ to the party.
D. being influenced
A. to be invited
B. having been invited C. inviting
D. to have been invited
※动名词作介词宾语，经常用在一些短语的后面
版权所有 翻印必究
look forward to
be proud of
be responsible for
insist on
think of
hear of
dream of
object to
prevent…from
keep…from
stop…from
be engaged in
depend on
(渴望，盼望)
(以…为自豪)
(对……负责)
(坚持)
(考虑，想到)
(听说)
(梦想)
(反对，抗议)
(防止，阻止)
(防止，阻止)
(防止，阻止)
(从事于)
(依靠，依赖)
thank…for
excuse…for
aim at
devote…to
set about
be /get used to
be fond of
be afraid of
be tired of
succeed in
be interested in
be ashamed of
(因……而道谢)
(因……而道歉)
(目的在于)
(献身于)
(着手做)
(习惯于)
(喜欢)
(害怕)
(对……厌烦)
(成功地做……)
(对……感兴趣)
(对……感到羞愧)
四、主谓一致
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习题演练
1. Bread and butter ______ liked by Westerners.
A. is B. are C. were D. be
2. If law and order ______, neither the citizen nor his family is safe.
A. are not preserved B. is not preserved
C. were not preserved D. have not been preserved
3. A group of Italian soldiers ______ quickly towards their position.
A. were advancing B. were advanced C. was advancing D. was advanced
4. The president of the college, together with the deans, ______ planning a conference for the purpose
of laying down a series of regulations.
A. were B. are C. is D. has
5. Many a person ______ at the gate of the department store.
A. is standing B. are standing
C. have been standing D. have stood
6. Every means ______ tried out but never with success, as far as my knowledge goes.
A. is B. are C. has been D. have been
参考答案:ABACAC
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重点总结
1.主谓一致的三大原则
(1)语法一致
主语和谓语动词之间的一致关系主要表现在”数”的形式上，即用作主语的名词词组中心词
和谓语动词在单、复数形式上的一致。
Few students are really lazy.
Every girl comes on time.
(2)意义一致
有时，主语和谓语动词的一致关系并非取决于语法上的单、复数形式，而是取决于主语的
单、复数意义：比如有时主语在语法形式上并非复数，但有复数意义，随后的动词便用复数;
反之，主语在语法形式上是复数，而在意义上可视为单数，随后的动词也用单数。
That group have the best ratings of individual performance.
Fifty-six dollars was stolen from the cash register.
(3)就近原则
有时，谓语动词的单、复数形式决定于最靠近它的词语(主要指名词)的单、复数形式，
这种一致关系所依据的原则叫做“就近原则”。
Neither Julia nor I am going.
2.特殊用法
(1)以并列结构做主语的主谓一致问题
如果句子的主语是并列结构，这种主语的单、复数意义往往会影响谓语动词的形式。这种
主谓一致问题通常遵循以下规则：
由 and / both… and 连接的并列主语
如果做主语的并列结构不是指两个或两个以上的人或物，而是表示单数意义，则动词用单
数。
The secretary and treasurer is absent.
有一些带连词 and 的省略结构形似单数，而意义为复数，随后的动词用复数。
What I say and think are no business of yours.
当 and 连接的并列名词词组带有 each, every 时，随后的动词通常用单数。
Every boy and every girl likes this class.
由 or / nor / either… or 等连接的并列主语
由 or, nor, either… or, neither… nor, not only… but also 连接的并列结构做主语，随后的动词
形式通常按照”就近原则”处理。
Either my father or my brothers are coming.
My sisters or my brother is likely to be at home.
主语 as much as 等
当主语后面跟有由 as much as, rather than, more than, no less than 等引导从属结构时，随后的
动词形式依主语本身的单复数而定。
Some of the workers as much as the manager were responsible for the loss.
Man, no less than the lower forms of life, is the product of the evolutionary process.
主语 as well as 等
当主语后面跟有由 as well as, in addition to ,with, along with ,together with ,except 等引导的词
组时，其后的动词形式也取决于主语本身的形式。
The manager with some workers was working during the holidays.
No one except two girls was late for dinner.
(2)以表示数量概念的名词词组做主语的主谓一致问题
英语中有一些表示数量概念的名词词组。数量概念分为两类：一类是确定数量，如 three
months, five kilos 等，另一类是非确定数量，如 all of… ,some of… ,none of… ,enough of… 等。
以表示确定数量的名词词组做主语
当主语为表示确定数量的名词词组时，解决主谓一致问题有以下规则可循：
a. 如果数量概念被看作一个整体，动词用单数;如果被看作组成数量的个体，动词用复数。
Six months is too short a time.
There were five silver dollars in each of the stockings.
b. 如果做主语的名词词组是由”分数(或百分数) of-词组”构成，其动词形式依 of-词组中
名词类别而定。
Over sixty percent of the city was destroyed in the war.
以表示非确定数量的名词词组做主语
a. 如果主语是 all of… , some of … , none of … , half of … , most of … 等表示非确定数量的
名词词组，其后的动词形式依 of-词组中的名词类别而定。
Most of the members were there.
Some of the money has been stolen.
b. 如果主语是由”lots of, heaps of, plenty of ,an average of / a majority of 复数名词
名词”构成，表示许许多多等概念时，随后动词的单、复数形式也依 of-词组中名词类别而定。
Lots of people are waiting outside.
Plenty of the sugar is imported from Cuba.
c. 如果主语是由 “a portion of, a series of, a pile of , a panel of 名词” 构成，不管名词类别为
何，动词通常用单数。
A series of accidents has been reported.
d. 如果主语是由”many a 名词”或”more than one 名词”构成，其意义虽属多数，但随后的
动词仍遵循”语法一致”原则，用单数。
Many a man has done his duty.
e. 如果主语由”an average of / a majority of 复数名词”构成，而且明确表示多数个体概念，
随后的动词用复数;如果这类主语不表示多数个体概念，则动词用单数。
A majority of the town’s younger men are moving to the city.
An average of 25 applications a month is not unusual.
