2018全国英语等级考试二级语法资料：形容词、副词
1.形容词修饰名词/代词;副词修饰形容词、副词、动词或整个句子，在句中可充当定语、状语、补语、表语。
|
序号 |
功用 |
词类 |
位置用法 |
例词/例句 |
|
1 |
定语 |
形容词 |
在中心词前 |
He’s a small Japanese boy. |
|
副词 |
在中心词后 |
I’ve got used to the life here. | ||
|
2 |
状语 |
形容词 |
句首/中，表原因/时间 句末/中，表伴随/结果 |
Tired and thirsty, we stopped to have a rest. He lay in bed, awake. |
|
副词 |
在被修饰词前、后修饰全句，位置灵活 |
You are quite right. Sometimes he goes to school on foot. | ||
|
3 |
表语 |
形容词 副词 |
系动词后 |
He is tired. They are out. |
|
4 |
补语 |
形容词 |
作主补在谓语后 作宾补在宾语后 |
The little boy was found dead. He find it very useful. |
|
副词 |
作主补在谓语后 作宾补在宾语后 |
She was seen out. Let me show you out. |
注意：
(1)the/these/those 形容词表示一类人/物;成对的形容词这样用时可省去the。
The rich are not always happy.
High and low all like this flower.
(2)“enough足够的”作定语时既可放在中心词前也可放在中心词后;但作副词时只能后置。
We have enough food to eat.
We have food enough to eat.
It’s warm enough.
(3)许多以前缀a-构成的形容词常作后置定语，这样的形容词有：awake, alone, alive, afraid, alike, asleep, ashamed等。
It is a book worth reading.
Do you know the man asleep over there?
(4)形容词修饰由some/any/no/every与one/body/thing构成的复合不定代词时，要后置。
I have something important to tell you.
(5)形容词(与其他词组/语构成的)短语作定语时要后置。
English is a language difficult to master.
(6)几个副词作状语并列时，位置一般按方式→地点→时间顺序排列。
He came here by air yesterday.
(7)几个形容词并列作表语时，并列的词之间用逗号隔开，最后两个词之间用and(but/yet)等连接，并列词的先后顺序较灵活(有时将强调的词放在最后)。
He is tall,dark and handsome.
2. 形容词、副词比较等级的构成及形式：
|
规 则 变 化 |
构 成 |
形 式 | ||||
|
原级 |
比较级 |
最高级 | ||||
|
单音节词和少数以-er, -ow, -le, -y结尾的双音节词 |
一般 |
tall |
加-er |
taller |
加-est |
tallest |
|
以不发音e结尾 |
noble |
加-r |
nobler |
加-st |
noblest | |
|
以一个辅音字母结尾的重读闭音节 |
wet big |
双写最后辅音字母再加-er |
wetter bigger |
双写最后辅音字母再加-est |
wettest biggest | |
|
辅音字母加-y结尾的词 |
easy heavy |
改y为i再加-er |
easier heavier |
改y为i再加-est |
easiest heaviest | |
|
多音节词，多数双音节词及部分加-ly等变来或由分词变来的词 |
delicious slowly tired tiresome |
词前加more |
more delicious more slowly more tired more tiresome |
词前加most |
most delicious most slowly most tired most tiresome | |
|
不 规 则 变 化 |
good well |
better |
best | |||
|
bad/ill badly |
worse |
worst | ||||
|
many much |
more |
most | ||||
|
little |
less |
least | ||||
|
old |
elder |
eldest | ||||
|
older |
oldest | |||||
|
far |
farther |
farthest | ||||
|
further |
furthest | |||||
|
late |
later |
latest | ||||
|
latter |
last |
注意：
(1)形容词最高级前要用the,而副词最高级前的the可省。
(2)下面这些词的比较等级可在后面加-er/-est或在前面加more/most构成。
cruel, often, able, clear, clever, correct, dear, free, friendly, happy, handsome, likely, lively, pleasant, right, simple, quiet, solid, strange, strict, stupid, wrong, etc.
3. 形容词、副词比较等级常用的句型及用法：
|
类别 |
用法及意义 |
句型结构 |
例句 |
|
原级 |
没有比较 |
very / so / quite / too, etc. 原级 |
It was very warm yesterday. |
|
二者比较程度相同 |
as 原级 as 比较对象 |
You are as clever as Mike. | |
|
一方是另一方的几倍 |
...times as 原级 as 比较对象 |
This bridge is five times as long as that one. | |
|
二者比，程度不同 |
...not as 原级 as 比较对象 |
You are not as tall as he. | |
|
二者比，前者不如后者 |
...not so 原级 as 比较对象 |
Math isn’t so hard as physics. | |
|
比 较 级 |
二者比，一方比另一方更… |
比较级 than... |
You’re younger than Tom. |
|
二者比，A比B…得多， |
much / a lot /a little, rather, a great deal |
It’s much hotter today than it was yesterday. | |
|
A比B甚至还要…/一点 |
a bit/far/even/still/a little, etc. 比较级 than |
He’s still stronger than Jack. He’s far older than you. | |
|
表“越来越…” |
比较级 and 同一比较级 |
She’s getting fatter and fatter. | |
|
表“越…就越…” |
the 比较级 …， the 比较级 …， |
The more you ask, the more you’ll understand. | |
|
A比B（高，长…）多少倍 |
...times 比较级 than |
This line is four times longer than that one. | |
|
在二者中哪个是更…的那个 |
Which / Who is the 比较级 of the two? |
Who is the taller of the twins? | |
|
哪个更…，A还是B？ |
Which/Who 谓 比较级，A or B? |
Who runs faster, Lily or Mary? | |
|
表“越来越…” |
比较级and 另一比较级 than … |
He’s getting healthier and stronger than his brother. | |
|
表“比…更少”或“不如…” |
less 原级或名词 than |
Tom made less mistakes than Jack. This story is less interesting than that one. She’s less rich than he. | |
|
表“与其说”，“不如…”，“不止…” |
more 原级 than |
She is more hard-working than clever. | |
|
more 名词 than |
Mr.Smith is more an artist than a teacher. | ||
|
more than 原级/名词 |
She’s more than a teacher. She’s more than tired. | ||
|
表“并不比某某…”或“与某某一样不…” |
no 比较级 than… |
She’s no taller than you. | |
|
最高级 |
三者或三者以上比较“某某最…” |
(the) 最高级 of 复数名词 |
He runs fastest of the boys. |
|
在某区域的“最…” |
(the) 最高级 in 单数集体名词或地点 |
He is the tallest in his class. | |
|
“在三者或三者以上当中最…之一” |
one of the 最高级 复数名词 … |
She’s one of the best students in this class. | |
|
“第几大/长…” |
the 序数词 最高级( 名词) in 区域 |
It is the second longest river in the world. | |
|
“三者以上当中谁/哪个最…” |
Which/Who 谓语 （the）最高级，A、B、C or D? |
Who jumps highest, Tom,Jack or Smith? |
