Part Ⅲ Reading Comprehension (40 minutes)

Section B

Directions: In this section, you are going to read a passage with ten statements attached to it. Each statement contains information given in one of the paragraphs. Identify the paragraph from which the information is derived. You may choose a paragraph more than once. Each paragraph is marked with a letter. Answer the questions by marking the corresponding letter on Answer Sheet 2.

Into the Unknown

The world has never seen population ageing before. Can it cope?

[A] Until the early 1990s nobody much thought about whole populations getting older. The UN had the foresight to convene a “world assembly on ageing” back in 1982, but that came and went. By 1994 the World Bank had noticed that something big was happening. In a report entitled “Averting the Old Age Crisis” , it argued that pension arrangements in most countries were unsustainable.

[B] For the next ten years a succession of books, mainly by Americans, sounded the alarm. They had titles like Young Old, Gray Dawn and The Coming Generational Storm, and their message was blunt: health-care systems were heading for the rocks, pensioners were taking young people to the cleaners, and soon there would be intergenerational warfare.

[C] Since then the debate has become less emotional, not least because a lot more is known about the subject. Books, conferences and research papers have multiplied. International organisations such as the OECD and the EU issue regular reports. Population ageing is on every agenda, from G8 economic conferences to NATO summits. The World Economic Forum plans to consider the future of pensions and health care at its prestigious Davos conference early next year. The media, including this newspaper, are giving the subject extensive coverage.

[D ] Whether all that attention has translated into sufficient action is another question. Governments in rich countries now accept that their pension and health-care promises will soon become unaffordable, and many of them have embarked on reforms, but so far only timidly. That is not surprising: politicians with an eye on the next election will hardly rush to introduce unpopular measures that may not bear fruit for years, perhaps decades.

[E ] The outline of the changes needed is clear. To avoid fisca(财政的)meltdown, public pensions and health-care provision will have to be reined back severely and taxes may have to go up. By far the most effective method to restrain pension spending is to give people the opportunity to work longer, because it increases tax revenues and reduces spending on pensions at the same time. It may even keep them alive longer. John Rother, the AARP’s head of policy and strategy, points to studies showing that other things being equal, people who remain at work have lower death rates than their retired peers.

[F] Younger people today mostly accept that they will have to work for longer and that their pensions will be less generous. Employers still need to be persuaded that older workers are worth holding on to. That may be because they have had plenty of younger ones to choose from, partly thanks to the post-war baby-boom and partly because over the past few decades many more women have entered the labour force, increasing employers’ choice. But the reservoir of women able and willing to take up paid work is running low, and the baby-boomers are going grey.

[G] In many countries immigrants have been filling such gaps in the labour force as have already emerged (and remember that the real shortage is still around ten years off). Immigration in the developed world is the highest it has ever been, and it is making a useful difference. In still-fertile America it currently accounts for about 40% of total population growth, and in fast-ageing western Europe for about 90%.

[H] On the face of it, it seems the perfect solution. Many developing countries have lots of young people in need of jobs; many rich countries need helping hands that will boost tax revenues and keep up economic growth. But over the next few decades labour forces in rich countries are set to shrink so much that inflows of immigrants would have to increase enormously to compensate: to at least twice their current size in western Europe’s most youthful countries, and three times in the older ones. Japan would need a large multiple of the few immigrants it has at present. Public opinion polls show that people in most rich countries already think that immigration is too high. Further big increases would be politically unfeasible.

[I] To tackle the problem of ageing populations at its root, “old” countries would have to rejuvenate(使年轻) themselves by having more of their own children. A number of them have tried, some more successfully than

others. But it is not a simple matter of offering financial incentives or providing more child care. Modern urban life in rich countries is not well adapted to large families. Women find it hard to combine family and career. They often compromise by having just one child.

[J] And if fertility in ageing countries does not pick up? It will not be the end of the world, at least not for quite a while yet, but the world will slowly become a different place. Older societies may be less innovative and more strongly disinclined to take risks than younger ones. By 2025 at the latest, about half the voters in America and most of those in western European countries will be over 50—and older people turn out to vote in much greater number than younger ones. Academic studies have found no evidence so far that older voters have used their power at the ballot box to push for policies that specifically benefit them, though if in future there are many more of them they might start doing so.

[K] Nor is there any sign of the intergenerational warfare predicted in the 1990s. After all, older people themselves mostly have families. In a recent study of parents and grown-up children in 11 European countries, Karsten Hank of Mannheim University found that 85% of them lived within 25km of each other and the majority of them were in touch at least once a week.

[L] Even so, the shift in the centre of gravity to older age groups is bound to have a profound effect on societies, not just economically and politically but in all sorts of other ways too. Richard Jackson and Neil Howe of America’s CSIS, in a thoughtful book called The Graying of the Great Powers, argue that, among other things, the ageing of the developed countries will have a number of serious security implications.

[M] For example, the shortage of young adults is likely to make countries more reluctant to commit the few they have to military service. In the decades to 2050, America will find itself playing an ever-increasing role in the developed world’s defence effort. Because America’s population will still be growing when that of most other developed countries is shrinking, America will be the only developed country that still matters geopoliticallyi 地 缘zz上).

Ask me in 2020

[ N] There is little that can be done to stop population ageing, so the world will have to live with it. But some of the consequences can be alleviated. Many experts now believe that given the right policies, the effects, though grave, need not be catastrophic. Most countries have recognised the need to do something and are beginning to act.

[ O] But even then there is no guarantee that their efforts will work. What is happening now is historically unprecedented. Ronald Lee, director of the Centre on the Economics and Demography of Ageing at the University of California, Berkeley, puts it briefly and clearly: “We don’t really know what population ageing will be like, because nobody has done it yet. ”

46. Employers should realise it is important to keep older workers in the workforce.

47. A recent study found that most old people in some European countries had regular weekly contact with their adult children.

48. Few governments in rich countries have launched bold reforms to tackle the problem of population ageing.

49. In a report published some 20 years ago, the sustainability of old age pension systems in most countries was called into doubt.

50. Countries that have a shortage of young adults will be less willing to send them to war.

51. One-child families are more common in ageing societies due to the stress of urban life and the difficulties of balancing family and career.

52. A series of books, mostly authored by Americans, warned of conflicts between the older and younger generations.

53. Compared with younger ones, older societies tend to be less innovative and take fewer risks.

54. The best solution to the pension crisis is to postpone the retirement age.

55. Immigration as a means to boost the shrinking labour force may meet with resistance in some rich countries.

Part Ⅳ Translation (30 minutes)

Directions: For this part, you are allowed 30 minutes to translate a passage from Chinese into English. You should write your answer on Answer Sheet 2.

中国新年是中国最重要的传统节日，在中国也被称为春节。新年的庆祝活动从除夕开始一直延续到元宵 节(the Lantern Festival)，即从农历(lunar calendar)最后一个月的最后一天至新年第一个月的第十五天。各地欢度春节的习俗和传统有很大差异，但通常每个家庭都会在除夕夜团聚，一起吃年夜饭。为驱厄运、迎好运，家 家户户都会进行大扫除。人们还会在门上粘贴红色的对联(couplets)，对联的主题为健康、发财和好运。其他 的活动还有放鞭炮、发红包和探亲访友等。

答案

Part Ⅲ Reading Comprehension

Section B

46. [F]。题干意为，雇主们应该意识到留住老龄员工很重要。注意抓住题干中的关键词employers和older workers。文章段落中，谈及雇主和老龄员工关系的内容在[F]段出现，该段第二句提到，我们仍需说服雇 主们继续雇用老龄员工是值得的。由此可知，题干是对原文的同义转述，故答案为[F]。

47. [K]。题干意为，最近的一项研究发现，在一些欧洲国家，大多数的老年人每周都会联系他们的成年子女。注意抓住题干中的关键词a recent study, European countries和adult children。文章段落中，有关欧洲国家老人 及其成年子女的研究的内容在[K]段出现，该段第三句提到，在最近的一项关于11个欧洲国家的父母及其 

成年子女的研究中，……他们中的大多数至少每周都会联系一次。由此可知，题干是对原文的同义转述， 故答案为[K ]。题干中的 adult children对应原文中的 grown-up children，题干中的 had regular weekly contact 对应原文中的 were in touch at least once a week，同时还用 some European countries替代 了 原文中的 11 European countries。

48. [D]。题干意为，很少有发达国家的政府开展大胆的改革去解决人口老龄化的问题。注意抓住题干中的关键词governments in rich countries和reforms。文章段落中，谈及发达国家政府和改革的内容在[D]段出现， 该段第二句提到，发达国家的政府已经承认自己很快就会无法负担其退休金，无法兑现医疗保障承诺，许 多国家也已开始着手改革，但迄今为止都是畏首畏尾的改革。由此可知，题干是对原文的同义转述，故答

案为[D]。

49. [A]。题干意为，大概20年前发表的一份报告中指出，大多数国家的养老金系统的可持续性受到质疑。注意抓住题干中的关键词20 years ago, a report和old age pension。文章段落中，谈及质疑养老金报告的内容在 文章第一段出现，该段最后两句中提到，到1994年，……它在一份题为“避免老龄化危机”的报告中指出，大多数国家的养老金计划无法维持下去。由此可知，题干是对原文的同义转述，故答案为[A]。此处需要注 意的是题干提到了20 years ago，数字是浏览信息时需要注意的重要信息，此处为时间概念，快速浏览涉及 时间的段落，可较快地做出解答。

50. [M]。题干意为，缺少年轻人的国家比较不愿意将年轻人送往战场。注意抓住题干中的关键词a shortage of young adults和war。文章段落中，谈及缺少年轻人的内容在[M]段出现，该段首句提到，缺少年轻人可能会 使国家不愿意将仅有的年轻人送去服兵役。由此可知，题干是对原文的同义转述，故答案为[M]。题干中 的less willing和原文中reluctant相对应。

51. [I]。题干意为，由于城市生活的压力和平衡家庭与工作的困难，独生子女家庭在老龄化社会中变得更为普遍。注意抓住题干中的关键词one-child families, urban life和family and career。文章段落中，谈及独生子女 家庭、城市生活以及家庭和工作的内容在[I]段出现，该段最后三句提到，发达国家的现代都市生活并不 适合大家庭。女性发现她们很难平衡家庭和工作的关系。她们往往采用折中的方法，即只生一个孩子。由此可知，题干是对原文内容的概括，属于同义转述的范畴，故答案为[I]。

52. [B]。题干意为，主要由美国人撰写的一系列图书对老一辈和年轻一代将发生冲突提出了警告。注意抓住题干中的关键词a series of books, mostly authored by Americans和warned。文章段落中，谈及美国人的著作 的内容在[B]段出现，该段第一句提到，主要由美国人撰写的一系列图书给全世界敲响了警钟。文章之后接着说明了这些著作所阐述的问题：在退休金问题上新老两代人的冲突。由此可见，题干对原文做了同义 改写，故答案为[B]。题干中的warned和原文中的sounded the alarm对应。

53. [J]。题干意为，与年轻的社会相比，老龄化社会倾向于缺乏创新精神，较少去冒险。注意抓住题干中的关键词compared, innovative和risks。文章段落中，对两代人在创新精神和冒险方面做对比的内容在[J]段出 现，该段第三句提到，与年轻的社会相比，老龄化社会可能会缺乏创新精神，也不愿意冒险。由此可知，答 案为[J]。题干中的take fewer risks对应原文中的disinclined to take risks。

54. [E]。题干意为，解决养老金危机的最好方法是推迟退休年龄。注意抓住题干中的关键词solution, pension crisis和retirement age。文章段落中，谈及解决养老金危机方法的内容在[E]段出现，该段第三句提到，到目 前为止，抑制养老金支出最有效的方法是延长人们的工作年限……，由此可知，题干是对原文的同义改写，即“延长工作年限”改写为“推迟退休年龄”，故答案为[E]。题干中的the best solution对应原文中的the most effective method。

55. [H]。题干意为，在一些发达国家，把移民当做改善劳动力短缺状况的一种手段可能会遭遇抵制。注意抓住题干中的关键词immigration, shrinking labour force和resistance。文章段落中，谈及移民和劳动力短缺的有 [G]段和[H]段，但谈到抵制移民问题的仅有[H]段，该段最后两句提出，民意调查显示，多数富裕国家的人认为移民的数量已经够多了，进一步的增长在zz上是行不通的。由此可知，题干是对原文的进一步推 断，故答案为[H]。此处需要注意，因原文段落之间具有连续性，对同一话题的阐述可能涉及两个或多个段落，所以在做题时一定要把题干的信息看全，排除干扰段落，从而确定最终答案。

Part Ⅳ Translation

参考答案

Chinese New Year is the most important traditional Chinese holiday. In China, it is also known as the Spring Festival. New Year celebrations run from Chinese New Year’s Eve, the last day of the last month of the lunar calendar, to the Lantern Festival on the 15th day of the first month. Customs and traditions concerning the celebration of the Chinese New Year vary widely from place to place. However, New Year’s Eve is usually an occasion for Chinese families to gather for the annual reunion dinner. It is also traditional for every family to thoroughly clean the house in order to sweep away ill fortune and to bring in good luck. And doors will be decorated with red couplets with themes of health, wealth and good luck. Other activities include lighting firecrackers, giving money in red envelopes, and visiting relatives and friends.

难点精析

1.庆祝活动：译为celebrations即可，考生要注意，不要看到“庆祝活动”就想在celebration的后面加上： • activities。

2. 有很大差异：译为…vary widely,此句还可以翻译为…are rather different。

3.驱厄运、迎好运：译为sweep away ill fortune and to bring in good luck，此处的“驱”如果考生无法译出： : sweep away，也可以用简单的get rid of来表达。

4.大扫除：译为thoroughly clean the house。

5.放鞭炮、发红包：译为 lighting firecrackers, giving money in red envelopes。放鞭炮还可以用 set off ’ I firecrackers或 fire firecrackers来表达。

36、回答36-46题：

Women with low literacy suffer disproportionately more than men, encountering more 36 in finding a well-paying job and being twice as likely to end up in the group of lowest wage earners, a study released on Wednesday said.

Analysis by the Institute for Women’s Policy Research (IWPR. found women at all levels of 37 tend to earn less than men, but it’s at the lowest literacy levels that the wage gap between genders is most striking.

Women with low literacy are twice as 38 as men at the same skill level to be among the lowest earners, bringing in $300 a week or less, the report said.

"Because women start off so low in terms of wages, having higher literacy and more skills really 39 a big difference," said Kevin Miller, a 40 research associate at IWPR and co-author of the study.

Women need to go 41 in their training and education level to earn the same as men, Miller said.

The 42 was based on 2009 National Assessment of Adult Literacy surveys, the most recent data 43 , and focused on reading skills, not writing and numeric literacy. That data was 44 from a nationally representative sample of 19,714 people aged 16 and older, living in households or prisons.

Data showed about one-third of American adults have low literacy levels, and more than 36 percent of men and 33 percent of women fall into that 45 , the institute said.

A. pattern I. conducted

B. senior J. independent

C. longer K. literacy

D. difficulties L. analysis

E. category M. likely

F. collected N. further

G. positions O. makes

H. available

第(36)题_____

37、第(37)题_______

38、第(38)题_______

39、第(39)题_______

40、第(40)题_______

41、第(41)题_______

42、第(42)题_______

43、第(43)题_______

44、第(44)题_______

45、第(45)题_______

Section B

Directions: In this section, you are going to read a passage with ten statements attached to it. Each statement contains information given in one of the paragraphs. Identify the paragraph from which the information is derived.

You may choose a paragraph more than once. Each paragraph is marked with a letter. Answer the questions by marking the corresponding letter on Answer Sheet 2.

46、回答46-56题：

A) The legislation concerning financial reform focuses on helping regulators detect and defuse (减少....的危险性) the next crisis. But it doesn’t address many of the underlying conditions that can cause problems.

B) The legislation gives regulators the power to oversee shadow banks and take failing firms apart, convenes a council of superregulators to watch the megafirms that pose a risk to the full financialsystem, and much else.

C) But the bill does more to help regulators detect the next financial crisis than to actually stop it from happening.In that way, it’s like the difference between improving public health and improving medicine: The bill focuses on helping the doctors who figure out when you’re sick and how to get you better rather than on the conditions (sewer systems and air quality and hygiene standards and so on) that contribute to whether you get sick in the first place.

D) That is to say, many of the weaknesses and imbalances that led to the financial crisis will survive our regulatory response, and it’s important to keep that in mind. So here are five we still have to watch out for:

1. The Global Glut (供过于求) of Savings

E) "One of the leading indicators of a financial crisis is when you have a sustained surge in money flowing into the country which makes borrowing cheaper and easier," says Harvard economist Kenneth Rogoff. Our crisis was no different: Between 1987 and 1999, our current account deficit--the measure of how much money is coming in versus going out--fluctuated between 1 and 2 percent of gross domestic product. By 2006, it had hit 6 percent.

F) The sharp rise was driven by emerging economies with lots of growth and few investment opportunities-think China-funneling their money to developed economies with less growth and lots of investment opportunities. But we’ve gotten out of the crisis without fixing it. China is still growing fast, exporting faster, and sending the money over to US.

2. Household Debt-and Why We Need It

G) The fact that money is available to borrow doesn’t explain why Americans borrowed so much of it. Household debt as a percentage of GDP went from a bit less than 60 percent at the beginning of the 1990s to a bit less than 100 percent in 2006. "This is where I come to income inequality," says Raghuram Rajan, an economist at the University of Chicago. "A large part of the population saw relatively stagnant incomes over the 1980s and 1990s. Credit was so welcome because it kept people who were falling behind reasonably happy. You were keeping up, even if your income wasn’t."

H) Incomes, of course, are even more stagnant now that unemployment is at 9 percent. And that pain isn’t being shared equally: inequality has actually risen since before the recession, as joblessness is proving sticky among the poor, but recovery has been swift for the rich. Household borrowing is still more than 90 percent of GDP, and the conditions that drove it up there are, if anything, worse.

3. The "Shadow Banking" Market

I) The financial crisis started out similarly severe, but it wasn’t, at first, a crisis of consumers. It was a crisis of banks. It never became a crisis of consumers because consumer deposits are insured. But large investors-pension funds, banks, corporations, and others--aren’t insured. But when they hear that their collateral ( 附属担保品 ) is dropping in value, they demand their money back. And when everyone does that at once, it’s like an old-fashioned bank run: The banks can’t pay everyone off at once, so they unload all their assets to get capital, the assets become worthless because everyone is trying to unload them, and the banks collapse.

J) "This is an inherent problem of privately created money," says Gary Gorton, an economist at Princeton University. "It is vulnerable to these kinds of runs." This year, we’re bringing this shadow banking system under the control of regulators and giving them all sorts of information on it and power over it, but we’re not doing anything like deposit insurance, where we simply make the deposits safe so runs become an anachronism.

4. Rich Banks

K) In the 1980s, the financial sector’s share of total corporate profits ranged from about 10 to 20 percent. By 2004, it was about 35 percent. Simon Johnson, an economist at MIT, recalls a conversation he had with a fund manager. "The guy said to me, ’Simon, it’s so little money! You can sway senators for $10 million!?’"Johnson laughs ruefully (后悔地). "These guys [ big investors ] don’t even think in millions. They think in billions."

L) What you get for that money is favors. The last financial crisis fades from memory and the public begins to focus on other things. Then the finance guys begin nudging (游说). They hold some fundraisers for politicians, make some friends, explain how the regulations they’re under are onerous and unfair. And slowly, surely, those regulations come undone. This financial crisis will stick in our minds for a while, but not forever. And after briefly dropping to less than 15 percent of corporate profits, the financial sector has rebounded to more than 30 percent. They’ll have plenty of money with which to help their friends forget this whole nasty affair.

5. Lax ( 不严格的) Regulators

M ) The most troubling prospect is the chance that this bill, if we’d passed it in 2000, wouldn’t even have prevented this financial crisis. That’s not to undersell it: It would’ve given regulators more information with which to predict the crisis. But they had enough information, and they ignored it. They get caught up in boom times just like everyone else. A bubble, almost by definition, affects the regulators with the power to pop it.

N) In 2005, with housing prices running far, far ahead of the historical trend, Bemanke said a housing bubble was "a pretty unlikely possibility". In 2007, he said Fed officials "do not expect significant spillovers from the subprime market to the rest of the economy." Alan Greenspan, looking back at the financial crisis, admitted in April that regulators "have had a woeful record of chronic failure. History tells us they cannot identify the timing of a crisis, or anticipate exactly where it will be located or how large the losses and spillovers will be."

In the 1980s and 1990s people experienced no substantial increase in terms of income, which brought about the popularity of credit.

47、Financial crisis is a crisis of banks in that shadow banking may cause banks to fail.

48、The finance guys make friends with politicians in the hope of making some burdensome and unfair regulations cancelled.

49、The legislation concerning financial reform offers regulators the power of supervising shadow banks and disintegrating companies on the verge of bankruptcy.

50、In terms of the effect of unemployment, it is more deeply felt by the poor than by the rich.

51、Even if there was enough information to predict there would be financial crisis, the regulators still chose to ignore it.

52、Emerging economies with insufficient investment opportunities have invested much money in developed countries.

53、Regulators with power tended to fail again and again concerning forecasting a financial crisis.

54、A fund manager or large investor is considered absurdly rich by an economist from MIT.

55、Large investors’ deposits can be made safer if shadow banking system is under the control of regulators.

Section C

Directions: There are 2 passages in this section. Each passage is followed by some questions or unfinished statements. For each of them there are four choices marked A), B), C) and D ). You should decide on the best choice and mark the corresponding letter on Answer Sheet 2 with a single line through the centre.

56、回答56-61题：

Opinion polls are now beginning to show a reluctant consensus that, whoever is to blame and whatever happens from now on, high unemployment is probably here to stay. This means we shall have to find ways of sharing the available employment more widely. But we need to go further. We must ask some fundamental questions about the furore of work. Should we continue to treat employment as the norm? Should we not rather encourage many other ways for self-respecting people to work? Should we not create conditions in which many of us can work for ourselves, rather than for an employer7 Should we not aim to revive the household and the neighborhood, as well as the factory and the office, as centers of production and work?

The industrial age has been the only period of human history in which most people’s work has taken the form of jobs. The industrial age may now be coming to an end, and some of the changes in work patterns which it brought may have to be reversed. This seems a daunting thought. But, in fact, it could offer the prospect of a better future for work. Universal employment, as its history shows, has not meant economic freedom.

Employment became widespread when the enclosures of the 17th and 18th centuries made many people dependent on paid work by depriving them of the use of the land, and thus of the means to provide a living for themselves. Then the factory system destroyed the cottage industries and removed work from people’s homes. Later, as transport improved, first by rail and then by mad, people commuted longer distances to their places of employment until, eventually, many people’s work lost all connection with their home lives and the places in which they lived.

Meanwhile, employment put women at a disadvantage. In pre-industrial times, men and women had shared the productive work of the household and village community. Now it became customary for the husband to go out to paid employment, leaving the unpaid work of the home and the family to his wife. Tax and benefit regulations still assume this norm today, and restrict more flexible sharing of work roles between the sexes.

It was not only women whose work status suffered. As employment became the dominant form of work, young people and old people were excluded--a problem now, as more teenagers become frustrated at school and more retired people want to live active lives.

All this may now have to change. The time has certainly come to switch some effort and resources away from the utopian goal of creating jobs for all, to the urgent practical task of helping many people to manage without full- time jobs.

According to the author, the universal employment has _______.

A.turned out not to be the best form of jobs

B.created an alternative form of jobs

C.built the foundation of an economic leap

D.failed to produce job opportunities for most people

57、Modem forms of transportation have greatly encouraged_______.

A.the phenomenon of deprivation of employees’ leisure time

B.the disconnection between people’s work and their family life

C.the commutation between the working places and employees’ homes

D.people’s desire to work far away from where they were born

58、It can be inferred from the passage that _______.

A.women could have been more productive than men in a proper job system

B.work in pre-industrial times has been distriibuted evenly between men and women

C.paid employment has aroused serious social problems in current society

D.women have been treated unfairly under the employment system of industrial age

59、What is the problem for the young under the employment system?

A.They are less likely to compete with the aged.

B.They are much worried about the generation gap.

C.They are more likely to suffer from unemployment.

D.Their academic performances seem useless for job hunting.

60、What is the possible change of job forms?

A.Full-time employment will not be the dominant form of work.

B.Most people can work at home and for themselves.

C.The differences between men and women will disappear.

D.All people get equal job opportunities and equal pay.

61、回答{TSE}题：

Blood vessels running all through the lungs carry blood to each air sac (囊), or alveolus(肺泡), and then back again to the heart. Only the thin wall of the air sac and the thin wall of a capillary (毛细血管) are between the air and the blood. So oxygen easily diffuses from the air sacs through the walls into the blood, while carbon dioxide easily diffuses from the blood through the walls into the air sacs.

When blood is sent to the lungs by the heart, it has come back from the cells in the rest of the body. So the blood that goes into the wall of an air sac contains much dissolved carbon dioxide but very little oxygen. At the same time, the air that goes into the air sac contains much oxygen but very little carbon dioxide. You have learned that dissolved materials always diffuse from where there is more of them to where there is less. Oxygen from the air dissolves in the moisture on the lining of the air sac and diffuses through the lining into the blood. Meanwhile, carbon dioxide diffuses from the blood into the air sac. The blood then flows from the lungs back to the heart, which sends it out to all other parts of the body.

Soon after air goes into an air sac, it gives up some of its oxygen and takes in some carbon dioxide from the blood. To keep diffusion going as it should, this carbon dioxide must be gotten rid of. Breathing, which is caused by movements of the chest, forces the used air out of the air sacs in your lungs and brings in fresh air. The breathing muscles are controlled automatically so that you breathe at the proper rote to keep your air sacs supplied with fresh air. Ordinarily, you breathe about twenty-two times a minute. Of course, you breathe faster when you are exercising and slower when you are resting. Fresh air is brought into your lungs when you breathe in, or inhale (吸入), while used air is forced out of your lungs when you breathe out, or exhale.

Some people think that all the oxygen is taken out of the air in the lungs and that what we breathe out is pure carbon dioxide. But these ideas are not correct. Air is a mixture of gases that is mostly nitrogen(氮). This gas is not used in the body. So the amount of nitrogen does not change as air is breathed in and out. But while air is in the lungs, it is changed in three ways: ( 1 ) About one-fifth of the oxygen in the air goes into the blood. (2) An almost equal amount of carbon dioxide comes out of the blood into the air. (3) Moisture from the linings of the air passages and air sacs evaporates until the air is almost saturated.

It can be inferred from the passage that oxygen and carbon dioxide _______.

A.produce energy for breathing

B.diffuse immediately in the blood

C.penetrate slowly into the air sacs

D.travel in opposite ways in the lungs

62、When blood travels back to the lungs by the heart, ________.

A.more oxygen was contained in blood

B.more carbon dioxide was contained in the blood

C.less carbon dioxide was contained in an air sac

D.less oxygen was contained in an air sac

63、The movement of breathing can effectively ________.

A.help the exchange of oxygen and carbon dioxide in the lungs

B.prevent the inhaling of excessive carbon dioxide

C.keep the regular circulation of blood

D.strengthen the function of breathing muscles

64、When we breathe out, the amount of nitrogen ________.

A.increases a bit because of the exchange of air

B.reduces a bit because of the exchange of air

C.remains the same as we breathe it in

D.keeps the same as that needed in lungs

65、The air in the lungs changes through ________.

A.inhaling some amount of oxygen

B.the evaporation of moisture

C.exhaling some amount of carbon dioxide

D.generating a passage for evaporation Part IV

Part VI Translation (30 minutes)

Directions: For this part, you are allowed 30 minutes to translate a passage from Chinese into English. You should write your answer on Answer Sheet 2.

66、(30 minutes) Directions: For this part, you are allowed 30 minutes to translate a passage from Chinese into English. You should write your answer on Answer Sheet 2.

要了解中国文化，就应该对中国的戏曲文化有所了解。中国地方戏种类很多，其中京剧是一个具有代表性的剧种。作为一个独立的剧种，京剧的诞生大约是在1840年至l860 。京剧是在吸收其他地方戏营养的基础上形成的。京剧有明确的角色分工;在念白上用北京方言;在音乐上以胡琴为主要伴奏乐器。由于京剧是在融合各种地方戏之精华的基础上形成的，所以它不仅为北京的观众所钟爱，也受到全国人民的喜爱。