Questions 1–60
Multiple Choice
1. The machine looked like a large, ________ , old-fashioned typewriter.
A) forceful B) clumsy C) intense D) tricky
2. Though she began her ______ by singing in a local pop group, she is now a famous Hollywood movie star.
A) employment B) career C) occupation D) profession
3. Within two weeks of arrival, all foreigners had to _______ with the local police.
A) inquire B) consult C) register D) profession
4. Considering your salary, you should be able to _____ at least twenty dollars a week.
A) put forward B) put up C) put out D) put aside
5. As he has _______ our patience, we’ll not wait for him any longer.
A) torn B) wasted C) exhausted D) consumed
6. These teachers try to be objective when they _______ the integrated ability of their students.
A) justify B) evaluate C) indicate D) reckon
7. Mrs. Morris’s daughter is pretty and _______, and many girls envy her.
A) slender B) light C) faint D) minor
8. Tomorrow the mayor is to _____ a group of Canadian businessmen on a tour of the city.
A) coordinate B) cooperate C) accompany D) associate
9. I’m ______ enough to know it is going to be a very difficult situation to compete against three strong teams.
A) realistic B) conscious C) register D) resolve
10. Can you give me even the _______ clue as to where her son might be?
A) simplest B) slightest C) least D) utmost
11. Norman Davis will be remembered by many _____ with not only as a great scholar but also as a most delightful and faithful friend.
A) kindness B) friendliness C) warmth D) affection
12. Salaries for ______ positions seem to be higher than for permanent ones.
A) legal B) optional C) voluntary D) temporary
13. Most people agree that the present role of women has already affected U.S. society. _______, it has affected the traditional role of men.
A) Above all B) In all C) At most D) At last
14. Science and technology have _____ in important ways to the improvement of agricultural production.
A) attached B) assisted C) contributed D) witnessed
15. As an actor he could communicate a whole _____ of emotions.
A) frame B) range C) number D) scale
16. This is what you should bear in mind: Don’t _____ a salary increase before you actually get it.
A) hang on B) draw on C) wait on D) count on
17. The ship’s generator broke down, and the pumps had to be operated _____ instead of mechanically.
A) artificially B) automatically C) manually D) synthetically
18. The little girl was so frightened that she just wouldn’t ______ her grip on my arm.
A) loosen B) remove C) relieve D) dismiss
19. He never arrives on time and my ______ is that he feels the meetings are useless.
A) preference B) conference C) inference D) reference
20. Mrs. Smith was so ______ about everything that no servants could please her.
A) specific B) special C) precise D) particular
21. Last night he saw two dark ______ enter the building, and then there was the explosion.
A) features B) figures C) sketches D) images
22. It is obvious that this new rule is applicable to everyone without _______.
A) exception B) exclusion C) modification D) substitution
23. His temper and personality show that he can become a soldier of the top _____.
A) circle B) rank C) category D) grade
24. During the lecture, the speaker occasionally _____ his point by relating his own experiences.
A) illustrated B) hinted C) cited D) displayed
25. Only those who can _____ to lose their money should make high-risk investments.
A) maintain B) sustain C) endure D) afford
26. He found the ______ media attention intolerable and decided to go abroad.
A) sufficient B) constant C) steady D) plenty
27. There has been a collision _______ a number of cars on the main road to town.
A) composing B) consisting C) involving D) engaging
28. _______ elephants are different from wild elephants in many aspects, including their tempers.
A) Cultivated B) Regulated C) Civil D) Tame
29. Ten days ago the young man informed his boss of his intention to _______.
A) resign B) reject C) retreat D) replace
30. As one of the world’s highest paid models, she had her face_____ for five million dollars
A) deposited B) assured C) measured D) insured
31. I went along thinking of nothing ______, only looking at things around me.
A) in particular B) in harmony C) in doubt D) in brief
32. Critics believe that the control of television by mass advertising has ______ the quality of the programs.
A) lessened B) declined C) affected D) effected
33. I must congratulate you ______ the excellent design of the new bridge.
A) with B) of C) at D) on
34. There is a fully ______ health center on the ground floor of the main office building.
A) installed B) equipped C) provided D) projected
35. For more than 20 years, we’ve been supporting educational programs that _____ from kindergartens to colleges.
A) move B) shift C) range D) spread
36. The ______ at the military academy is so rigid that students can hardly bear it.
A) convention B) confinement C) principle D) discipline
37. The test results are beyond______; they have been repeated in labs all over the world.
A) negotiation B) conflict C) bargain D) dispute
38. I was so ______in today’s history lesson. I didn’t understand a thing.
A) amazed B) neglected C) confused D) amused
39. It ______ you to at least 50% off the regular price of either frames or lenses when you buy both.
A) presents B) entitles C) credits D) tips
40. Deserts and high mountains have always been a ______ to the movement of people from place to place.
A) barrier B) fence C) prevention D) jam
41. In order to make things convenient for the people, the department is planning to set up some ______ shops in the residential area.
A) flowing B) drifting C) mobile D) unstable
42. Mr. Smith says: "The media are very good at sensing a mood and then ______ it."
A) overtaking B) enlarging C) widening D) exaggerating
43. This is not an economical way to get more water; ______, it is very expensive.
A) on the other hand B) on the contrary C) in short D) or else
44. It was the first time that such a ______had to be taken at a British nuclear power station.
A) presentation B) precaution C) preparation D) prediction
45. ______ that he wasn’t happy with the arrangements, I tried to book a different hotel.
A) Perceiving B) Penetrating C) Puzzling D) Preserving
46. The board of the company has decided to ______ its operations to include all aspects of the clothing business.
A) multiply B) lengthen C) expand D) stretch
47. His business was very successful, but it was at the ______ of his family life.
A) consumption B) credit C) exhaustion D) expense
48. First published in 1927, the charts remain an ______ source for researchers.
A) identical B) indispensable C) intelligent D) inevitable
49. Joe is not good at sports, but when it ______mathematics, he is the best in the class.
A) comes to B) comes up to C) comes on to D) comes around to
50. Doctors warned against chewing tobacco as a ______ for smoking.
A) relief B) revival C) substitute D) succession
51. When carbon is added to iron in proper ______the result is steel.
A) rates B) thicknesses C) proportions D) densities
52. You should try to ______ your ambition and be more realistic.
A) reserve B) restrain C) retain D) replace
53. Nancy is only a sort of ______ of her husband’s opinion and has no ideas of her own.
A) sample B) reproduction C) shadow D) echo
54. Now that spring is here, you can ______ these fur coats till you need them again next winter.
A) put over B) put away C) put off D) put down
55. There is a _____ of impatience in the tone of his voice.
A) hint B) notion C) dot D) phrase
56. Please ______dictionaries when you are not sure of word spelling or meaning.
A) seek B) inquire C) search D) consult
57. At yesterday’s party, Elizabeth’s boyfriend amused us by ______ Charlie Chaplin.
A) copying B) following C) imitating D) modeling
58. She keeps a supply of candles in the house in case of power ______.
A) failure B) lack C) absence D) drop
59. The group of technicians are engaged in a study which ______ all aspects of urban planning.
A) inserts B) grips C) performs D) embraces
60. The lecture which lasted about three hours was so ______ that the audience couldn’t help yawning.
A) tedious B) bored C) clumsy D) tired
Questions 61–80
Reading Comprehension
Reading Passage 1
Introducing dung1 beetles into a pasture is a simple process: approximately 1,500 beetles are released, a handful at a time, into fresh cow pats2 in the cow pasture. The beetles immediately disappear beneath the pats digging and tunnelling and, if they successfully adapt to their new environment, soon become a permanent, self-sustaining part of the local ecology. In time they multiply and within three or four years the benefits to the pasture are obvious.
Dung beetles work from the inside of the pat so they are sheltered from predators such as birds and foxes. Most species burrow into the soil and bury dung in tunnels directly underneath the pats, which are hollowed out from within. Some large species originating from France excavate tunnels to a depth of approximately 30 cm below the dung pat. These beetles make sausage-shaped brood chambers along the tunnels. The shallowest tunnels belong to a much smaller Spanish species that buries dung in chambers that hang like fruit from the branches of a pear tree. South African beetles dig narrow tunnels of approximately 20 cm below the surface of the pat. Some surface- dwelling beetles, including a South African species, cut perfectly-shaped balls from the pat, which are rolled away and attached to the bases of plants.
For maximum dung burial in spring, summer and autumn, farmers require a variety of species with overlapping periods of activity. In the cooler environments of the state of Victoria, the large French species (2.5 cms long), is matched with smaller (half this size), temperate-climate Spanish species. The former are slow to recover from the winter cold and produce only one or two generations of offspring from late spring until autumn. The latter, which multiply rapidly in early spring, produce two to five generations annually. The South African ball-rolling species, being a sub-tropical beetle, prefers the climate of northern and coastal New South Wales where it commonly works with the South African tunneling species. In warmer climates, many species are active for longer periods of the year.
Glossary
1. dung: the droppings or excreta of animals
2. cow pats: droppings of cows
Questions 61–65
Complete the table below.
Choose NO MORE THAN THREE WORDS from the passage for each answer.
Species Size Preferred
climate Complementary
species Start of active
period Number of
generations
per year
French 2.5 cm cool Spanish late spring 1-2
Spanish 1.25 cm 61 62 63
South African
ball roller 64 65
Questions 66 – 70
Choose the correct heading for sections A - D and F from the list of headings below.
List of Headings
i
ii
iii
iv
v
vi
vii
viii
ix The probable effects of the new international trade agreement
The environmental impact of modern farming
Farming and soil erosion
The effects of government policy in rich countries
Governments and management of the environment
The effects of government policy in poor countries
Farming and food output
The effects of government policy on food output
The new prospects for world trade
66 Section A
67 Section B
68 Section C
69 Section D
Example
Section E vi
70 Section F
Reading Passage 2
Section A
The role of governments in environmental management is difficult but inescapable. Sometimes, the state tries to manage the resources it owns, and does so badly. Often, however, governments act in an even more harmful way. They actually subsidise the exploitation and consumption of natural resources. A whole range of policies, from farm-price support to protection for coalmining, do environmental damage and (often) make no economic sense. Scrapping them offers a twofold bonus: a cleaner environment and a more efficient economy. Growth and environmentalism can actually go hand in hand, if politicians have the courage to confront the vested interest that subsidies create.
Section B
No activity affects more of the earth’s surface than farming. It shapes a third of the planet’s land area, not counting Antarctica, and the proportion is rising. World food output per head has risen by 4 per cent between the 1970s and 1980s mainly as a result of increases in yields from land already in cultivation, but also because more land has been brought under the plough. Higher yields have been achieved by increased irrigation, better crop breeding, and a doubling in the use of pesticides and chemical fertilisers in the 1970s and 1980s.
Section C
All these activities may have damaging environmental impacts. For example, land clearing for agriculture is the largest single cause of deforestation; chemical fertilisers and pesticides may contaminate water supplies; more intensive farming and the abandonment of fallow periods tend to exacerbate soil erosion; and the spread of monoculture and use of high-yielding varieties of crops have been accompanied by the disappearance of old varieties of food plants which might have provided some insurance against pests or diseases in future. Soil erosion threatens the productivity of land in both rich and poor countries. The United States, where the most careful measurements have been done, discovered in 1982 that about one-fifth of its farmland was losing topsoil at a rate likely to diminish the soil’s productivity. The country subsequently embarked upon a program to convert 11 per cent of its cropped land to meadow or forest. Topsoil in India and China is vanishing much faster than in America.
Section D
Government policies have frequently compounded the environmental damage that farming can cause. In the rich countries, subsidies for growing crops and price supports for farm output drive up the price of land. The annual value of these subsidies is immense: about $250 billion, or more than all World Bank lending in the 1980s. To increase the output of crops per acre, a farmer’s easiest option is to use more of the most readily available inputs: fertilisers and pesticides. Fertiliser use doubled in Denmark in the period 1960-1985 and increased in The Netherlands by 150 per cent. The quantity of pesticides applied has risen too: by 69 per cent in 1975-1984 in Denmark, for example, with a rise of 115 per cent in the frequency of application in the three years from 1981.
In the late 1980s and early 1990s some efforts were made to reduce farm subsidies. The most dramatic example was that of New Zealand, which scrapped most farm support in 1984.
A study of the environmental effects, conducted in 1993, found that the end of fertiliser subsidies had been followed by a fall in fertiliser use (a fall compounded by the decline in world commodity prices, which cut farm incomes). The removal of subsidies also stopped land-clearing and over-stocking, which in the past had been the principal causes of erosion. Farms began to diversify. The one kind of subsidy whose removal appeared to have been bad for the environment was the subsidy to manage soil erosion.
In less enlightened countries, and in the European Union, the trend has been to reduce rather than eliminate subsidies, and to introduce new payments to encourage farmers to treat their land in environmentally friendlier ways, or to leave it fallow. It may sound strange but such payments need to be higher than the existing incentives for farmers to grow food crops. Farmers, however, dislike being paid to do nothing. In several countries they have become interested in the possibility of using fuel produced from crop residues either as a replacement for petrol (as ethanol) or as fuel for power stations (as biomass). Such fuels produce far less carbon dioxide than coal or oil, and absorb carbon dioxide as they grow. They are therefore less likely to contribute to the greenhouse effect. But they are rarely competitive with fossil fuels unless subsidised and growing them does no less environmental harm than other crops.
Section E
In poor countries, governments aggravate other sorts of damage. Subsidies for pesticides and artificial fertilisers encourage farmers to use greater quantities than are needed to get the highest economic crop yield. A study by the International Rice Research Institute of pesticide use by farmers in South East Asia found that, with pest-resistant varieties of rice, even moderate applications of pesticide frequently cost farmers more than they saved. Such waste puts farmers on a chemical treadmill: bugs and weeds become resistant to poisons, so next year’s poisons must be more lethal. One cost is to human health. Every year some 10,000 people die from pesticide poisoning, almost all of them in the developing countries, and another 400,000 become seriously ill. As for artificial fertilisers, their use worldwide increased by 40 per cent per unit of farmed land between the mid 1970s and late 1980s, mostly in the developing countries. Overuse of fertilisers may cause farmers to stop rotating crops or leaving their land fallow. That, in turn, may make soil erosion worse.
Section F
A result of the Uruguay Round of world trade negotiations is likely to be a reduction of 36 per cent in the average levels of farm subsidies paid by the rich countries in 19861990. Some of the world’s food production will move from Western Europe to regions where subsidies are lower or nonexistent, such as the former communist countries and parts of the developing world. Some environmentalists worry about this outcome. It will undoubtedly mean more pressure to convert natural habitat into farmland. But it will also have many desirable environmental effects. The intensity of farming in the rich world should decline, and the use of chemical inputs will diminish. Crops are more likely to be grown in the environments to which they are naturally suited. And more farmers in poor countries will have the money and the incentive to manage their land in ways that are sustainable in the long run. That is important. To feed an increasingly hungry world, farmers need every incentive to use their soil and water effectively and efficiently.
Reading Passage 3
The Risks of Cigarette Smoke
Discovered in the early 1800s and named ‘nicotianine’, the oily essence now called nicotine is the main active ingredient of tobacco. Nicotine, however, is only a small component of cigarette smoke, which contains more than 4,700 chemical compounds, including 43 cancercausing substances. In recent times, scientific research has been
providing evidence that years of cigarette smoking vastly increases the risk of developing fatal medical conditions.
In addition to being responsible for more than 85 per cent of lung cancers, smoking is associated with cancers of, amongst others, the mouth, stomach and kidneys, and is thought to cause about 14 per cent of leukaemia and cervical cancers. In 1990, smoking caused more than 84,000 deaths, mainly resulting from such problems as pneumonia, bronchitis and influenza. Smoking, it is believed, is responsible for 30 per cent of all deaths from cancer and clearly represents the most important preventable cause of cancer in countries like the United States today.
Passive smoking, the breathing in of the side-stream smoke from the burning of tobacco between puffs or of the smoke exhaled by a smoker, also causes a serious health risk. A report published in 1992 by the US Environmental Protection Agency (EPA) emphasized the health dangers, especially from side-stream smoke. This type of smoke contains more, smaller particles and is therefore more likely to be deposited deep in the lungs. On the basis of this report, the EPA has classified environmental tobacco smoke in the highest risk category for causing cancer.
As an illustration of the health risks, in the case of a married couple where one partner is a smoker and one a nonsmoker, the latter is believed to have a 30 per cent higher risk of death from heart disease because of passive smoking. The risk of lung cancer also increases over the years of exposure and the figure jumps to 80 per cent if the spouse has been smoking four packs a day for 20 years. It has been calculated that 17 per cent of cases of lung cancer can be attributed to high levels of exposure to secondhand tobacco smoke during childhood and adolescence.
A more recent study by researchers at the University of California at San Francisco (UCSF) has shown that secondhand cigarette smoke does more harm to nonsmokers than to smokers. Leaving aside the philosophical question of whether anyone should have to breathe someone else’s cigarette smoke, the report suggests that the smoke experienced by many people in their daily lives is enough to produce substantial adverse effects on a person’s heart and lungs.
The report, published in the Journal of the American Medical Association (AMA), was based on the researchers’ own earlier research but also includes a review of studies over the past few years. The American Medical Association represents about half of all US doctors and is a strong opponent of smoking. The study suggests that people who smoke cigarettes are continually damaging their cardiovascular system, which adapts in order to compensate for the effects of smoking. It further states that people who do not smoke do not have the benefit of their system adapting to the smoke inhalation. Consequently, the effects of passive smoking are far greater on non-smokers than on smokers.
This report emphasizes that cancer is not caused by a single element in cigarette smoke; harmful effects to health are caused by many components. Carbon monoxide, for example, competes with oxygen in red blood cells and interferes with the blood’s ability to deliver life-giving oxygen to the heart. Nicotine and other toxins in cigarette smoke activate small blood cells called platelets, which increases the likelihood of blood clots, thereby affecting blood circulation throughout the body.
The researchers criticize the practice of some scientific consultants who work with the tobacco industry for assuming that cigarette smoke has the same impact on smokers as it does on non-smokers. They argue that those scientists are underestimating the damage done by passive smoking and, in support of their recent findings, cite some previous research which points to passive smoking as the cause for between 30,000 and 60,000 deaths from heart attacks each year in the United States. This means that passive smoking is the third most preventable cause of death after active smoking and alcohol-related diseases.
The study argues that the type of action needed against passive smoking should be similar to that being taken against illegal drugs and AIDS (SIDA). The UCSF researchers maintain that the simplest and most cost-effective action is to establish smoke-free work places, schools and public places.
Questions 71–73
Choose the appropriate letters A – D..
71 According to information in the text, leukaemia and pneumonia
A are responsible for 84,000 deaths each year.
B are strongly linked to cigarette smoking.
C are strongly linked to lung cancer.
D result in 30 per cent of deaths per year.
72 According to information in the text, intake of carbon monoxide
A inhibits the flow of oxygen to the heart.
B increase absorption of other smoke particles.
C inhibits red blood cell formation.
D promotes nicotine absorption.
73 According to information in the text, intake of nicotine encourages
A blood circulation through the body
B activity of other toxins in the blood.
C formation of blood clots.
D an increase of platelets in the blood.
Questions 74–77
Do the following statements agree with the claims of the writer in the reading passage?
YES if the statement agrees with the writer’s claims
NO if the statement contradicts the writer’s claims
NOT GIVEN if it is impossible to say what the writer thinks about this
74 Thirty per cent of deaths in the United States are caused by smoking-related diseases.
75 If one partner in a marriage smokes, the other is likely to take up smoking.
76 Teenagers whose parents smoke are at risk of getting lung cancer at some time during their lives.
77 Opponents of smoking financed the UCSF study.
Questions 78–80
Complete each sentence with the correct ending A – J from the box below.
78 Passive smoking ……
79 Compared with a non-smoker, a smoker ……
80 The American Medical Association ……
A
B
C
D
E
F
G
H
I
J includes reviews of studies in its reports.
argues for stronger action against smoking in public places.
is one of the two most preventable causes of death.
is more likely to be at risk from passive smoking diseases.
is more harmful to non-smokers than to smokers.
is less likely to be at risk of contracting lung cancer.
is more likely to be at risk of contracting various cancers.
opposes smoking and publishes research on the subject.
is just as harmful to smokers as it is to nonsmokers.
reduces the quantity of blood flowing around the body.
Writing Task
The charts below show the main reasons for study among students of different age groups and the amount of support they received from employers.
Summarise the information by selecting and reporting the main features, and make comparison where relevant.
Write at least 150 words.
参考答案：
1 B) clumsy 2.B) career 3.C) register 4.D) put aside 5.C) exhausted
6.B) evaluate 7.A) slender 8.C) accompany 9.A) realistic 10.B) slightest
11.D) affection 12.D) temporary 13.A) Above all 14.C) contributed 15.B) range
16.D) count on 17.C) manually 18.A) loosen 19.C) inference 20.D) particular
21.B) figures 22.A) exception 23.B) rank 24.A) illustrated 25.D) afford
26.B) constant 27.C) involving 28.D) Tame 29.A) resign 30.D) insured
31. A) in particular 32. C) affected 33. D) on 34. B) equipped 35. C) range
36. D) discipline 37. D) dispute 38.C) confused 39. B) entitles 40. A) barrier
41.C) mobile 42.D) exaggerating 43.B) on the contrary 44.B) precaution 45.A) Perceiving
46.C) expand 47. D) expense 48.B) indispensable 49.A) comes to 50.C) substitute
51.C) proportions 52.B) restrain 53.D) echo 54.B) put away 55.A) hint
56 D) consult 57. C) imitating 58.A) failure 59.D) embraces 60.A) tedious
61. temperate 62. early spring
63. two to five // 2 - 5 64. subtropical
65. South African tunnelling // tunneling 66. v
67. vii 68. ii
69. iv 70. i
71. B 72. A
73. C 74. NO
75. NOT GIVEN 76. YES
77. NOT GIVEN 78. E
79. G 80. H
Sample Answer
The first graph shows that there is a gradual decrease in study for career reasons with age. Nearly 80% of students under 26 years, study for their career. This percentage gradually declines by 10-20% every decade. Only 40% of 40-49yr olds and 18% of over 49yr olds are studying for career reasons in late adulthood.
Conversely, the first graph also shows that study stemming from interest increases with age. There are only 10% of under 26yr olds studying out of interest. The percentage increases slowly till the beginning of the fourth decade, and increases dramatically in late adulthood. Nearly same number of 40-49yr olds study for career and interest. However 70% of over 49yr olds study for interest in comparison to 18% studying for career reasons in that age group.
The second graph shows that employer support is maximum (approximately 60%) for the under 26yr students. It drops rapidly to 32% up to the third decade of life, and then increases in late adulthood up to about 44%. It is unclear whether employer support is only for career-focused study, but the highest level is for those students who mainly study for career purposes.
