(八)动词

1.动词的概念及种类  动词是表示动作或状态的词，按在句中的功用分为以下四种：

2．动词的基本形式及变化规则如下表：

3．动词的时态

4．动词的语态:

动词的语态有主动语态（主语是动作的发出者）和被动语态（主语是动作的承受者）。被动语态由be/get(助动词) 过去分词构成，be/get体现时态变化。主动变被动时，时态保持不变；动作的执行者由“by短语”表示；get 过去分词侧重动作的效果，通常不与表示一段时间的状语连用，其一般现在时/一般过去时变否定式，疑问时要借助助动词。

  They make bikes.

Bikes are made by them.

When did she get married?

How did the window get broken?

注意：

（1）不及物动词一般没有被动语态。

The sun sets in the west.

易错的常见的不用被动语态的不及物动词有：rise, set, happen, break out, take place, fall, lie, die, etc.

（2）主动句带双宾语（直接宾语和间接宾语）的句子，可将“间接宾语”或“直接宾语”变成被动语态的主语，还有一个宾语叫保留宾语。一般将“间接宾语”变为被动句的主语。当变直接宾语为被动句的主语时，要在保留宾语（间接宾语）前加一个介词to（给，表方向）或for（替）。

My mother gave me a book.

I was given a book(by my mother).

A book was given to me(by my mother).

（3）主动句带有复合宾语时，变为被动句时宾语补足语保留在谓语动词之后，改称为“主语补足语”即主补。当宾补是不带to的不定式时，被动句中原省略的to要加上。

The boss made us work ten hours a day.

We were made to work ten hours a day(by the boss).

（4）含有“动-介/动-副/动-副-介”等短语动词的句子，变成被动语态时，要把这些短语看成一个整体（相当于一个动词），不能漏掉任何词。

The nurses look after the patients well.

The patients are looked after well(by the nurses).

（5）含有“动-名-介”型短语动词的主动句变为被动句时，也可将其中的名词变为被动句的主语。

He paid much attention to his pronunciation.

Much attention was paid to his pronunciation(by him).

His pronunciation was paid much attention to(by him).

（6）被动语态与系表结构的区别：

被动语态，表“动作”，用相应的时态，时态变化比较丰富。

系表结构，表“性质”，常用一般时态。

The glass was broken by Tom yesterday.

The glass was broken.

That book was written by a teacher.

That book is well written.