Section II Use of English
(15 minutes)
Read the following text and fill each of the numbered spaces with ONE suitable word.Write your answers on ANSWER SHEET 1.
Psychologists take contrastive views of how external rewards, from (31) __ praise to cold cash, affect motivation and creativity. Behaviorists, ( 32 ) __________research the relation ( 33 ) __________actions and their conse-quences argue thaT rewards can improve performance at work and school. Cognitive researchers, who study various aspects of mental life, maintain (34) __________rewards often destroy creativity ( 35 ) __________ encouraging depend-ence (36) __________approval and gifts from others.
The latter view has gained many supporters, especially (37) __________educators. But the careful use of small monetary rewards sparks (38) __________in grade-school children, suggesting (39) __________properly presented in-ducements indeed aid inventiveness, (40) __________to a study in the June Journal of Personality and Social Psychol-ogy.
"If kids know they’re working for a (41) __________and can focus (42) __________ a relatively challenging task,they show the most creativity", says Robert Eisenberger of the University of Delaware in Newark. "But it’s easy tokill creativity by giving rewards for (43) __________ performance or creating too (44) __________anticipation for re-wards. "A teacher (45) __________ continually draws attention to rewards or who hands (46)high grades for
ordinary achievement ends up (47)__________discouraged students, Eisenherger holds. (48) __________an example of the latter point, he notes growing efforts at major universities to tighten grading standards and restore failing(49) __________In earlier grades, the use of so-called token economies, in (50) __________students handle challenging problems and receive performance-based points toward valued rewards, shows promise in raising effort and creativity, the Del-aware psychologist claims.
Section Ⅲ Reading Comprehension
(50 minutes)
Part A：Read the following texts and answer the questions which accompany them by choosing A, B, C or D. Mark your answers on ANSWER SHEET 1.
Text 1
Opinion polls are now beginning to show that, whoever is to blame and whatever happens from now on, high unemployment is probably here to stay. This means we shall have to make ways of sharing the available employment more widely.
But we need to go further. We must ask some primary questions about the future of work. Would we continue to treat employment as the norm? Would we not rather encourage many other ways for self-respecting people to work? Should we not create conditions in which many of us can work for ourselves, rather than for an employer?
Should we not aim to revive the household and the neighborhood, as well as the factory and the office, as centers of production and work?
The industrial age has been the only period of human history in which most people’s work has taken the form of jobs. The industrial age may now be coming to an end, and some of the changes in work patterns which it brought may have to be reversed. This seems a daunting thought. But, in fact, it could provide the prospect of a better fu-ture for work. Universal employment, as its history shows, has not meant economic freedom.
Employment became widespread when the enclosures of the ]7th and 18th centuries made many people depend-ent on paid work by depriving them of the use of the land, and thus of the means to provide a living for themselves.
Then the factory system destroyed the cottage industries and removed work from people’s homes. Later, as transpor-tation improved, first by rail and then by road, people commuted longer distances to their places of employment un-til, eventually, many people’s work lost all connection with their home lives and the place in which they lived.
Meanwhile, employment put women at a disadvantage. In pre-industrial time, men and women had shared the productive work of the household and village community. Now it became customary for the husband to go out to paid employment, leaving the unpaid work of the home and family to his wife. Tax and benefit regulations still as-
sume this norm today and restrict more flexible sharing of work roles between the sexes.
It was not only women whose work status suffered. As employment became the dominant form of work, young people and old people were excluded--a problem now, as more teenagers become frustrated at school and more retired people want to live active lives.
All this may now have to change. The lime has certainly come to switch some effort and resources away from the idealist goal of creating jobs for all, to the urgent practical task of helping many people to manage without full time jobs.
51. Research carried out in the recent opinion polls shows that__________
[ A ] available employment should be restricted to a small percentage of the population
[ B ] new jobs must be created in order to rectify high unemployment figures
[ C ] available employment must be more widely distributed among the unemployed
[ D ] the nowaday high unemployment figures are a truth of life
52. The arrival of the industrial age in our historical evolution meant that__________
[ A ] universal employment virtually guaranteed prosperity
[ B ] economic freedom came within everyone’s control
[ C ] patterns of work were fundamentally changed
[D] people’s attitudes to work had to be reversed
53. The enclosures of the ]7th and 18th centuries meant that__________
[ A ] people were no longer legally entitled to own land
[ B ] people were driven to look elsewhere for means of supporting themselves
[ C ] people were not adequately compensated for the loss of their land
[ D ] people were badly paid for the work they managed to find
54. The effects of almost universal employment were overwhelming in that__________
[ A ] the household and village community disappeared completely
[ B ] men now travelled enormous distances to their places of work
[ C ] young and old people became superfluous components of society
[ D ] the work status of those not in paid employment suffered
55. The article concludes that__________
[ A ] the creation of jobs for all is an impossibility
[ B ] our efforts and resources in terms of tackling unemployment are insufficient
[ C ] people should begin supporting themselves by learning a practical skill
[ D] we should help those whose jobs are only part-time
Text 2
Throughout history there have been many unusual taxes levied on such things as hats, Beds, Baths, marriages,and funerals. At one time England levied a tax on sunlight by collection from every household with six or more win-dows. And according to legend, there was a Turkish ruler who collected a tax each time he dined with one of his
subjects. Why? To pay for the wear and tear on his teeth!
Different kinds of taxes help to spread the tax burden. Anyone who pays a tax is said to "bear the burden" of the tax. The burden of a tax may fall more heavily on some persons than on others. That is why the three levels of government in this country use several kinds of taxes. This spreads the burden of taxes among more people. From the standpoint of their use, the most important taxes are income taxes, property taxes, sales taxes, and estate, inher-itance, and gift taxes. Some are used by only one level of government; others by two or even all three levels.
Together these different taxes make up what is called our tax system.
Income taxes are the main source of federal revenues. The federal government gets more than three-fourths of its revenue from income taxes. As its name indicated, an income tax is a tax on earnings. Both individuals and busi-ness corporations pay a federal income tax.
The oldest tax in the United States today is the property tax. It provides most of the income for.local govern-ments. It provides at least a part of the income for all but a few states. It is not used by the federal government.
A sales tax is a tax levied on purchases. Most people living in the United States know about sales taxes since they are used in all but four states. Actually there are several kinds of sales taxes, But only three of them are impor-tant. They are general sales taxes, excise taxes, and import taxes.
Other three closely related taxes are estate, inheritance, and gift taxes. Everything a person owns, including both real and personal property, makes up his or her estate. When someone dies, ownership of his or her property or estate passes on to one or more individuals or organizations. Before the property is transferred, however, it is subject to an estate tax if its value exceeds a certain amount.
56. The reason that the Turkish ruler collected a dining tax is to pay for__________
[ A] the inconvenience for him to put on and take off clothes
[ B ] the damage that eating did to his teeth
[ C ] his efforts to cut the food into pieces
[ D ] the decay of his teeth because of sugar
57. The government levies different kinds of taxes so that__________
[ A ] the rich have to pay more and the poor less
[ B ] a wider range of taxpayers can he included
[ C ] each of three levels of government could get tax money
[ D ] the burden of taxes falls evenly on everybody
58. The federal government gets most of theft income from__________
[ A ] property tax
[ B ] income tax
[ C ] sales tax
[ D ] estate tax
59. How many states levy import taxes in the U. S. A. ?
[ A ] 4.
[ B ] 50.
[ C ] 46
[ D ] 54.
60. Which of the following statements is NOT true?
[ A ] Any form of property is subject to an estate tax when transferred.
[ B ] Property tax provides a part of income for local government.
[ C ] There are a few kinds of sales taxes.
[ D ] Individuals and corporations both pay income taxes.
Text 3
World leaders met recently at United Nations headquarters in New York City to discuss the environmental issues raised at the Rio Earth Summit in 1992. The heads of state were supposed to decide what further steps should be taken to halt the decline of Earth’s life-support systems. In fact, this meeting had much the flavour of the original Earth Summit. To wit: empty promises, hollow rhetoric, Bickering between rich and poor, and irrelevant initia-fives. Think U. S. Congress in slow motion.
Almost obscured by this torpor is the fact that there has been some remarkable progress over the past five years-real changes in the attitude of ordinary people in the Third World toward family size and a dawning realisati-on that environmental degradation and their own well-being are intimately, and inversely, linked. Almost none of this, however, has anything to do with what the bureaucrats accompfished in Rio.
Or it didn’t accomplish. One item on the agenda at Rio, for example, was a renewed effort to save tropical for-ests. (A previous UN-sponsored initiative had fallen apart when it became clear that it actually hastened deforesta-tion. )After Rio, a UN working group came up with more than 100 recommeodations that have so far gone no-where. One proposed forestry pact would do little more than immunizing wood-exporting nations against trade sanc-tions.
An effort to draft an agreement on what to do about the climate changes caused by CO2 and other greenhouse gases has fared even worse. Blocked by the Bush Administration from setting mandatory limits, the UN in 1992called on nations to voluntarily reduce emissions to 1990 levels. Several years later, it’s as if Rio had never hap-pened. A new climate treaty is scheduled to be signed this December in Kyoto, Japan, But governments still cannot agree on these limits. Meanwhile, the U. S. produces 7% more CO2 than it did in 1990, and emissions in the de-veloping world have risen even more sharply. No one would confuse the "Rio process" with progress.
While governments have dithered at a pace that could make drifting continents impatient, people have acted.
Birth-rates are dropping faster than expected, not because of Rio but because poor people are deciding on their own to reduce family size. Another positive development has been a growing environmental consciousness among the poor. From slum dwellers in Karachi, Pakistan, to colonists in Rondonia, Brazil, urban poor and rural peasants a-like seem tO realize that they pay the biggest price for pollution and deforestation. There is cause for hope as well in the growing recognition among business people that it is not in their long-term interest to fight environmental re-forms. John Browne, chief executive of British Petroleum, Boldly asserted in a major speech in May that the threat of climate change could no longer be ignored.
61. The writer’s general attitude towards the world leaders meeting at the UN is __________
[ A ] supportive
[ B ] impartial
[ C ] critical
[ D ] comedic
62. What does the author say about the ordinary people in the Third World countries?
[ A ] They are beginning to realize the importance of environmental protection.
[ B ] They believe that many children are necessary for prosperity.
[ C ] They are reluctant to accept advice from the government.
[ D ] They think that earning a living is more important than nature conservation.
63. What did the UN call on nations to do about CO2 and other greenhouse gases in 1992?
[ A ] To sign a new climate treaty at Rio.
[ B ] To draft an agreement among UN nations.
[ C ] To force the United Sates to reduce its emissions.
[ D ] To limit the release of CO2 and other gases.
64. The word" deforestation" in Paragraph 3 means__________
[ A ] forest damage caused by pollution
[ B ] moving population from forest to cities
[ C ] the threat of climate change
[ D ] cutting large areas of trees
65. Which of the following best summarizes the text?
[ A ] As the UN hesitates, the poor take action.
[ B ] Progress in environmental protection has been made since the Rio Summit.
[ C ] Climate changes can no longer be neglected.
[ D] The decline of earth’s life-support systems has been halted.
Part B：In the following article some paragraphs have been removed. For Questions 66 ~ 70, choose the most suitable paragraph from the list A ~ F to fit into each of the numbered gaps. There is one paragraph which does not fit in any of the gaps. Mark your answers on ANSWER SHEET 1.
Supermarket shoppers have never been more spoilt for choice. But just when we thought traditional systems of selective farming had created the most tempting array of foods money can buy, we are now being presented with the prospect of genetically created strains of cabbages, onion, tomato, potato and apple.
It may not tickle the fancy of food purists but it fires the imagination of scientists. Last week they discovered that the classic Parisian mushroom contains just the properties that, when genetically mixed with a wild strain of mushroom from the Sonora desert in California, could help it grow en masse while at the same time providing it with the resilience of the wild strain.
66._______________________________
"We have found a way of increasing the success rate from one to 90 per cent. "
This is just one of the many products that, according to skeptics, are creating a generation of "Frankenfoods".
The first such food that may be consumed on a wide scale is a tomato which has been genetically manipulated so that it does not soften as it ripens.
Critics say that the new tomato-which cost $ 25 million to research is designed to stay on supermarket shelves for longer. It has a ten-day life span.
Not surprisingly, every-hungry US is leading the search for these forbidden fruit. By changing the genes of a grapefruit, a grower from Texas has created a sweet, red, thin-skinned grapefruit expected to sell at a premium overits California and Florida competitors.
For chip fanatics who want to watch their waist-lines, new high-starch, low-moisture potatoes that absorb less fat when fried have been created, thanks to a gene from intestinal bacteria.
The scientists behind such new food argue that genetic engineering is simply an extension of animal and plant breed-ing methods and that by broadening the scope of the genetic changes that can be made, sources of food are increased. Ac-cordingly, they argue, this does not inherently lead to foods that are less safe than those developed by conventional tech-niques. But if desirable genes are swapped irrespective of species barriers, could things spiral out of control? "Knowledge is not toxic, "said Mark Cantley, head of the biotechnology unit at the Organisation for Economic Co-operation and De-velopment, "It has given us a far greater understanding of how living systems work at a molecular level and there is no reason for people to think that scientists and farmers should use that knowledge to do risky things. "
67._______________________________
Clearly, financial incentive lies behind the development of these bigger, more productive foods. But we may have only ourselves to blame. In the early period of mass food commerce, food varieties were developed by tradi-tional methods of selective breeding to suit the local palate. But as suppliers started to select and preserve plant vari-ants that had larger fruit, consumer expectations rose, leading to the development of the desirable clones. Still, tra-ditionalists and gourmets in Europe are fighting their development.
68._______________________________
Even in the pre-packaged US, where the slow-softening tomato will soon be reaching supermarkets, 1, 500 A-merican chefs have lent their support to the Pure Food Campaign which calls for the international boycott of geneti-cally engineered foods until more is known about the consequences of the technology and reliable controls have been introduced.
In the short term, much of the technology remains untested and in the long term the consequences for human bi-ology are unknown. Questions have arisen over whether new proteins in genetically modified food could cause aller-gies in some people.
69._______________________________
Then there are the vegetarians who may be consuming animal non-vegetable proteins in what they think is acommon tomato, or the practicing Jew who unknowingly consumes a fruit that has been enhanced with a pig’s gene.As yet, producers are under no obligation to label "transgeneie" products.
Environmentalists worry that new, genetically engineered plants may damage natural environment. A genetical-ly engineered pest-resistant strain of plant that contacts with a native strain, for example, could turn them into viru-lent weeds beyond chemical control.
Animal welfare groups worry about the quality of life of farm animals manipulated so that they produce more meat, milk, and eggs but which may suffer physical damage in the process.
70._______________________________
Many of these fears spring from ignorance. And although it is hard to separate the paranoia from the benefits,the fact remains that genetic engineering offers ways of solving serious medical and agricultural problems.
A. Western farmers have already bred cattle with more muscle than a skeleton can carry.
B. Supporters say the tomato, unsurprisingly called Flavr Savr, will taste better because it will he able to ma-ture on the branch longer.
C. Consumer opposition means that there are genetically manipulated foods on the German markets, and the Norwegian government has recently put research into genetically engineered foods on hold.
D. For example, if a corn gene is introduced into a wheat gene for pest resistance, will those who are allergic to corn then he allergic to wheat?
E. "Mushrooms in the past were almost impossible to cross, "says Philippe Callae, one of the three scientists working on the mushroom.
F. Genetic engineering will interfere with the balance of nature.
Part C：Answer questions 71 -80 by referring to the following cities.
Note: Answer each question by choosing A, B, C or D and mark it on ANWER SHEET 1. Some choices may be required mare than once.
A = Washington D.C.B = New York City C = Chicago D = Los Angeles
Which city...
•is the headquarter of the Supreme Court? 71.__________
•was discovered as early as l5247 72.__________
•has served as the capital of the country? 73.__________
•is now the largest industrial city in the country? 74.__________
•leads the country in the manufacture of aircraft and spare parts? 75.__________
•is the largest city? 76.__________
•is the second largest city in population in U.S.A.? 77.__________
•has become one of the world’S busiest ports? 78.__________
•covers all area of over 69 square miles? 79.__________
•is now considered the center of industry，transportation，cortuneliv.e and finance in the mid。west area?80.__________
Washington D. C.
Washington, the capital of the United States, is in Washington D. C. and is situated on the Potomac River between the two states of Maryland and Virginia. The population of the city is about 800,000 and it covers an area of over 69 square miles ( including 8 square miles of water surface). The section was named the District of Co-lumbia after Christopher Columbus, who discovered the continent. The city itself was named Washington after George Washington, the first president of U. S. A.
The building of the city was accomplished in 1800 and since that year, it has served as the capital of the coun-try. Thomas Jefferson was the first president inaugurated there. In the War of 1812, the Britain army seized the city, burning the White House and many other buildings.
Washington is the headquarters of all the branches of the American federal system: Congress, the Supreme Court and the Presidency.
Apart from the government buildings, there are also some other places of interest such as the Washington Mon-ument, the Lincoln Memorial, the Jefferson Memorial, the Literary of the Congress and Mt. Vernon, home of George Washington.
New York City
New York
City, located in New York State, is the largest city and the chief port of the United States. The city of New York has. a popuiation of over 7 million ( 1970 ) and Metropolitan, 12 million.
The city with its good harbor was discovered as early as 1524, and it was established by Dutch who named the city New Amsterdam. In 1664, the city was taken by the English and it got the name New York as it bears now.During the American Revolution in 1776, George Washington had his head-quarters for a time in New York City.The Declaration of Independence was fn’st read there in July 4th, 1776. The city remained the nation’ s capital until 1790.
New York became an important port early in the last century. A large portion of the national exports passed through New York Harbor. New York has become one of the world’ s busiest ports and also the financial, manufac-turing, and travel center of the country. Some of the places of interest in the city are: the State of Liberty (152 me-ters high) which was given by the French people to the American people as a gift in 1877. It was erected on Liberty Island in the middle of New York Harbor. Broadway, Wall Street and Fifth Avenue are a few of New York’ s most famous streets. Wall Street, where many famous banks are centered, is the financial center of America and has be-come a symbol of the American monopoly capitalism. Fifth Avenue is the street with famous stores and shops. Time Square is in the center of New York City, at Broadway and 42nd Street. Greenwich Village is an art center. Many American artists and writers have lived and worked there. The group of the third largest city buildings of the United Nations stands along the East River at the end of the 42nd Street.
Chicago
Chicago, the second largest city in population in the United States, lies on the southwestern shore of the Lake Michigan at a point where the Chicago River enters the lake.
The city is now the largest industrial city in the country. Both heavy and light industries are highly developed,particularly the former. Black metallurgical industry and meat processing are assumed to be the head in the U. S.A.It is now considered the center of industry, transportation, commerce and finance in the mid-west area.
The working class in Chicago has a glorious revolutionary tradition. On May 1st, 1886, thousands upon thou-sands of workers in the city and the country went on strike for the eight-hour workday and succeeded. Since 1890,May 1 st has been observed every year as an International Labor Day.
On March 8th, 1909, women workers in Chicago held a big strike for freedom and equal fights with men and since 1910, March 8th has been celebrated each year as an International Working Women’ s Day.
Los Angeles
Los Angeles is situated near the Pacific coast in California. It is an important center of shipping, indus-try and communication.
The city was first founded by a Spanish explorer in 1542 and turned over to the US in 1846.
The city leads the country in the manufacture of aircraft and spare parts and the area has become an aviation center. California is a leading state in the production of electronic products and the area of Los Angeles has grown into an important electronic center.
Since the first American movie was made in Los Angeles in 1908, the city has remained the film center of the United States. Hollywood, the base of the film industry in the city, is a world famous film producing center.
Section IV Writing
(40 minutes )
With the,widespread computers, there is an increase in the number of people making use of lnternet. Some peo-ple believe that Internet will bring great benefits to people while others think Internet may cause depression.
Write an article about it to clarify your own points of view towards this issue.
You should write no less than 250 words. Write your article on ANSWER SHEET 2.
THE END OF THE TEST
Section ⅡUse of English(每小题1分，共计20分，权重10%)
参考译文
对于像热情的赞扬及冰冷的现金等外部奖励怎样影响人的动力和创造力，心理学家们有不同的观点。研究行为和结果的行为学家说奖励可以改善工作和学习的表现。而研究精神生活的认知研究者们则坚持奖励经常会助长人们依赖他人的认可和礼物而毁掉创造力。
后一种观点有很多支持者，尤其是教育者们。但是，谨慎地使用小额的金钱作为奖励会激起分级学校里孩子们的创造力，恰当的刺激物确实有助于增强创造力，这是根据《个性与社会心理》杂志的6月刊中的一项研究得出的结论。
“如果孩子知道他们会得到奖励并可以集中于一项相对有挑战性的任务，他们就会显示出最大的创造力来，”纽瓦克•特拉华大学的罗伯特•艾森伯格说，“但是，如果表现不好也有奖励或者是对奖励的期望过高，也会扼杀创造力。”
艾森伯格认为，不断强调奖励或给平常成绩的学生打高分的老师，最终会使学生气馁。作为后一种观点的例子，他注意到著名大学加强评分标准，并恢复不及格的分数所带来的不断增强的影响力。
在低年级里使用所谓的货币经济，让学生解决有挑战性的问题，根据表现得分，并最后重视奖励，会提高其努力程度和创造力，这位特拉华的心理学家说。
答案及解析
31.warm 【解析】由此句中的“contrastive views”可知，观点是相对的，此空所在短句意为“从…赞扬到冷酷的金钱奖励”，显然，应是“热烈的”。
32.who 【解析】此空后的句子显然为定语从句，修饰“Behaviorists”，所以应填一个who，引导修饰人的定语从句。
33.between 【解析】“…relation…actions and their consequences”意为“…行动和它们的结果…关系”，空处显然缺“之间”。
34.that 【解析】此空后的内容为maintain的内容，即此空后的句子为maintain的宾语，应填一个可引导宾语从句的词。
35.by 【解析】此空所在短句意为“报酬经常毁掉创造性，…鼓励依赖他人的认可和礼物。”显然，空处应填“通过”，在英语中介词by即可表达此意。
36.on 【解析】dependence on意为“依赖，依靠”，是固定短语。
37.among 【解析】此句意为“后—种观点得到了许多支持者，尤其…教育家。”显然，空处应填“在…中”，介词among即有此意。
38.creativity 【解析】本文是在讲述报酬、表扬与创造性的关系，此句意为“但是小心地使用小量的金钱报酬能激起分级学校孩子们的…”显然，空处应填“创造性”。
39.that 【解析】此空后面的句子为suggesting的内容，即应为其宾语从句，所以此空处应填引导宾语从句的词，即that。
40.according 【解析】此句意为“…一项《个性与社会心理学》杂志刊六月的研究。”显然，空处应填“根据”。
41.reward 【解析】通篇文章均是在讲报酬与创造性的关系，此句意为“如果孩子们知道他们在为…工作，…。”显然，此空处应填“报酬”。
42.on 【解析】focus on意为“集中于”，为固定短语。
43.poor 【解析】此句意为“但是很容易通过给…表现报酬或创造对报酬太…的期望而扼杀创造性。”显然，此空处应填“劣拙的，不好的”。
44.much 【解析】参见43题解析。显然，此空处应为“太多的”。
45.who 【解析】此空后的句子应为teacher的定语从句，故此空处应填who，引导修饰人的定语从句。
46.out 【解析】hand out意为“分发，施舍”，为固定短语。
47.with 【解析】end up with意为“以…结束，以…告终”，为固定短语。
48.As 【解析】此句意为“…后一种观点的例子，…”显然，空处应填“作为”。
49.grades 【解析】此句意为“…他指出在主要大学里控制评分标准及恢复不及格…的努力。”显然，此空处应填“分数”。
50.which 【解析】此空后的句子应为定语从句，修饰“token economies”，故此空应填一个可引导定语从句的词，而且前面可加介词in。
Section 1 Reading Comprehension(共计35分，权重35%)
Part A(每小题1分，共计l5分)
Text 1
短文赏析
本文提出了部分就业的观点。作者认为，现在居高不下的失业率迫使人们必须找到增加就业的方法。不仅应当增加职位，还应当鼓励人们自谋出路，而不是受雇于别人。作者还认为，现在已经到了改变工作模式的时候了。是工业革命剥夺了人们的土地，将人们驱赶进工厂，并形成了丈夫主外、妻子主内的家庭分工模式。由于就业，妇女、年轻人和老人处于不利的工作地位上，他们被排除在工作之外。因此作者认为，比起为所有人创造工作，更为紧迫的是帮助人们依靠非全职工作生活下去。
答案及解析
51.D【解析】由短文第一句“Opinion polls are now beginning to show that，whoever is to blame and whatever happens from now on，high unemployment is probably here to stay.”可知。
52.C【解析】由短文第三段中“The industrial age may now be coming to an end，and some of the changes in work patterns which it brought may have to be reversed.”可知。
53.B 【解析】由短文第四段第一句“…the 17th and 18th centuries made many people dependent on paid work by depriving them of the use of the land….”可知。
54.D【解析】由短文第六段可知答案为D。
55.A【解析】由全文看，作者支持的一种观点是“为所有人创造工作机会是不可能的”。
Text 2
短文赏析
本文介绍了税的历史及税种。从古至今，各国的统治者曾经征收过各种各样奇怪的税种。税种多可以分散纳税压力。不同的人纳税负担是不同的，因此三级政府有不同的税种，最为常见的就是所得税、财产税、销售税、资产税、遗产税和礼物税。其中，所得税是联邦收入的主要来源，最古老的税种是财产税。销售税是向购买行为征收的税。另外，每个人在死后转移资产的时候，如果超过一定数量还要支付资产税。
答案及解析
56.B【解析】由短文第一段中的“And according to legend，there was a Turkish ruler who…To pay for the wear and tear on his teeth.”。
57.B 【解析】由短文第二段中的“Different kinds of taxes help to spread the tax burden...That is why the three levels of government in this country…this spreads the burden of taxes among more people.”。
58.B 【解析】由短文第三段第一句“Income taxes are the main source of federal revenues.”。
59.c【解析】由短文倒数第二段可知美国只有四个州没有import taxes。美国一共50个州，所以应该有46个有import taxes。
60.A【解析】由短文最后一段最后一句可知A不对。
Text 3
短文赏析
虽然最近世界领袖齐聚纽约讨论里约决定的实施，但是除了空洞的承诺、大话和争斗之外，没有任何实质性的进展。过去的5年内，第三世界国家的人们普遍意识到了环境恶化对他们生存的影响，但是这一进展却不是因为里约的努力。里约议程上的热带雨林保护问题，虽然有很多提议。但是没有一项被执行。减少温室气体排放的努力付之东流。虽然政府方面的努力十分缓慢，民间却已经行动起来了。出生率在下降，贫困人1：1也越加意识到保护环境的重要性。企业界也开始注意环境对他们长期发展的影响。这些都是令人乐观的现象。
答案及解析
61.c【解析】由文章中作者描述联合国世界领导人会议的口气看，他对待该会议的态度应是crifical的。
62.A【解析】由文章第二段“…in the Third World toward family size and a dawning realisation that environmental degradation…”。
63.D【解析】由文章第四段可知本题答案为D。
64.D【解析】deforestation意为“滥伐森林”。
65.A【解析】由全文看，作者在讲述一种观点：当联合国(UN)犹豫不决时，第三世界已经采取了行动。
Part B(每小题2分。共计10分)
短文赏析
本文讨论了社会围绕基因工程进行的争论。现在，转基因食品越来越多，不断有新的植物品种被通过基因工程改良。制造这些新事物的科学家们认为基因工程只是拓展了动植物的繁育方法。扩大基因变化的范围不会降低事物的安全性，并且会使人们在分子层面上更好地理解生命系统.根本不存在因被滥用而造成危险的可能性。研究产量更高的食品是由利益驱动的，但这也是由消费者的不断需要造成的。然而转基因食品在很多国家受到抵制，因为这种技术并没有得到验证。人们也尚不了解它们对于人类生物学的长期影响。素食者和有特殊宗教信仰的人可能会在不知情的情况下食用禁忌食品。新的转基因植物可能会破坏自然环境。动物福利组织对于农场动物的生活质量也表示关切。虽然存在很多恐惧，但是基因工程确实能够帮助解决一些严重的医学和农业问题。
答案及解析
66.E【解析】由上一段中提到的“…when genetically mixed with a wild strain of mushroom…”可知，只有E放在此处才能使上下段衔接，意思连贯。
67.B【解析】由下一段第一句中提到的“tomato”可知只有B中“Supporters say the tomato”与之对应。
68.c【解析】由上下两段看，只有c放在此处可以使上下文衔接，意思连贯。
69.D【解析】由上一段最后一句可知，只有D放在此处才能连贯，D为上一段最后一句的举例。
70.A 【解析】只有A放在此处才能与上一段意思连贯。A为对上段 “farm animals”的举例。故选A。
Part C(每小题1分，共计10分)
短文赏析
A
华盛顿，美国的首府，位于华盛顿哥伦比亚特区。城市人口大约80万。面积69平方英里。华盛顿是根据第一任总统乔治•华盛顿的名字命名的。城市建于1800年，但是在1812年战争中被毁坏。华盛顿是联邦法制各系统的总部。除了政府大楼，还有很多别的有名建筑。
B
纽约.位于纽约州，美国最大的城市以及主要的港口城市。人口大约有7百万。早在1524年，这里就作为港口城市被荷兰人称为新阿姆斯特丹。1664年英国人接管，并改名为纽约。独立战争期间，纽约起了重要的作用，直到1790年，它还是国家的首府。纽约是世界上最忙碌的港口之一。同时也是美国金融、工业以及旅游业中心城市。城市中还有很多出名的地方。
C
芝加哥，美国人口第二大城市，位于密西根湖的西南角，美国最大的工业城市。重工业轻工业都很发达。黑色冶金业以及肉产品加工业堪称美国之首。芝加哥工人具有光荣的革命传统。早在1886年5月1日数以千万的工人就为争取八小时工作制而努力，从此国家劳动节便诞生了。
D
洛杉矶，位于加州太平洋海岸，是航运、工业以及交流的重要中心。1542年被西班牙探险家发现，1846年由美国接管。洛杉矶的飞机以及零部件生产居国内前茅，因此成为航空中心。同时由于第一部美国电影在这里拍摄，洛杉矶又被称为电影之都。这里的好莱坞电影基地，也是世界出名的电影制作中心。
答案及解析
71.A【解析】由A中的第三段“Washington is the headquarters of all the branches of the American federal system：Congress，the Supreme Court and the Presidency.”可知答案为A。
72.B【解析】由B中的第二段“The city with its good harbor was discovered as early as 1524。and it was established by Dutch who named the city New Amsterdam.”可知答案为B。
73.A【解析】由A中的第一段“Washington，the capital of the United States.is in Washington D.C.”可知答案为A。
74.C【解析】由C中的第一段“The city is now the largest industrial city in the country.”可知答案为c。
75.D【解析】由D中的第三段第二句话“California is a leading state in the production of electronic products and the area of Los Angeles has grown into an important electronic center.”可知答案为D。
76.B【解析】由B中的第一段“New York City，located in New York State.is the largest city and the chief port of the United States.”可知答案为B。
77.C【解析】由c中的第一段第一句话“Chicago，the second largest city in population in the United States，”可知答案为C。
78.B【解析】由B中的第三段第三句话“New York has become one of the world’s busiest ports and also the financial，manufacturing，and travel center of the country.”可知答案为B。
79.A【解析】由A中的第一段“The population of the city is about 800，000 and it covers an area of over 69 square miles.”可知答案为A。
80.C【解析】由c中的第二段“It is now considered the center of industry.transportation.commerce and finance in the mid.west area.”可知答案为C。
Section IV Writing(计25分.权重25%)
One possible version:
As computers are increasingly popular, we can have more access to Interact. It is true that Interact can bring us a lot of benefits. With Interact we can communicate with the rest of the world. We can build relationships with people who are in far away places. We can enjoy services offered on the net. Interact, however, also brings us some side effects. Internet use may cause a decline in psychological well-being. According to the research done in an American university, even people who spent just a few hours a week on the Interact experienced more depression and loneliness than those who logged on less frequently. It wasn’t that people who were already feeling bad spent more time on the Interact, but that using the net actually appeared to cause the bad feelings.
The fact that Interact use reduces time available for families and friends may account for the drop in well-being. Faceless, bodiless "virtual" communication may be less psychologically satisfying than actual conversation, and relationships formed through it may be shallower. What’s more, expo-sure to the wider world via the net makes users less satisfied with their lives. Though Interact use may cause some side effects, we must remember that this is not about the technology itself; it’s about how it is used. If it can be used properly, lnternet can be more beneficial to our life.
