l Further notes on one text
make a shopping list 写一张购物单。
We haven’t got much tea or coffee.
在选择并列句中,or用于疑问句和否则句,而and 用于肯定句:
We have got much tea and coffee.
Have we got any beer and wine? 如果疑问句中希望得到对方的肯定回答,那么用陈述句的语法。(参见Lesson 14).
Would you like some beef? 来一些牛肉怎么样
We haven’t got any meat at all. 我们根本没有肉了。
at all adv.根本,用于否定句之中。放在句末。
not any 一点也没有了 è not many/little 几乎没有了(有一点)
What about vegetables? = How many are vegetables? 当上下文有关系时,用What about询问某人或某物的状态。(参见Lesson9)
I hope that you’ve got some money.
hope这个单词很特殊,因为hope不及物,所以不能hope sb to do sth的结构,而是用hope that。同样的:expect vi. 但 wish vt.。
I hope that you have got some money. = I wish you have got some money.
have/has got to sth拥有某物,这是一个固定搭配。have got = have。其中have当助动词使用。
I haven’t got a large house. = I don’t have a large house.
get vt. [口]买 = buy vt.买,get vi. 到达 = arrive vi.到达
I must go to the grocer’s to get some cheese. 动词不定式做目的状语。
l Expressions:
1. 情态动词need:
need = must,但是need只用于否定形式和疑问句,而must只用于肯定形式和疑问句。另外need可用于if及whether引导的从句用或用于有否定语气的句子里,比如:hardly adv.几乎;no one n.没有人。
Must/Need you finish the work?
Yes, I must. No, I needn’t.
much/need 与have to 的比较是much表示主观愿望;have to表示客观规律。但much/need没有过去式,必须借助had to来购成过去时。
2. 名词的复数(3):
可以修饰可数名词的形容词或介词短语为:
some/any = a few;a lot of/ lots of = many;few = not many
可以修饰不可数名词的形容词或介词短语为:
some/any = a little;a lot of/lots of = much;little = not much
注意他们的用法:a few/ a little 表示有一点,用于肯定形式;few/little 表示几乎没有了,用于否定形式。但两者表示数量很要用于否定句。
I have got a little money. 我还有一些钱。
I have got little money. 我几乎没有钱了。
注意some/any和a lot of/ much的否定用法
We haven’t got any sugar or jam. 我们没有糖和果酱。
We haven’t got much sugar or jam. 我们几乎没有糖和果酱了。
如果比较的话:
a lot of/ lots of = many/ much> some/any> a few/ a little> not much/ not many = few/ little > not any
也就是说,not any等于一点也没有了,而not much是几乎没有了(还有一点,但some的数量要比a few大。
注意以下新学的单词是否可数:
可数:vegetables,
不可数:money,fruit,stationery
